lithosols soil in ethiopialithosols soil in ethiopia

Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. Nat Resour 5:616626. The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. >> << A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. >> There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. Thus, the mean annual soil loss rate of the watershed (2.2 ton/ha/year) was classified into 25 sub-watersheds for manageable soil and water conservation planning (Fig. >> The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). 0000001298 00000 n There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. << J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. DOPA Explorer. Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm. having one or more of the following: a calcic or gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. 14a. Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. /Producer (PDF-XChange Printer V6 \(6.0 build 322.5\) [Windows 7 Enterprise x64 \(Build 7601: Service Pack 1\)]) 2014). Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. . The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. 0000002144 00000 n The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. 2} } \right), $$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia, Application of revised universal soil loss equation model for assessment of soil erosion and prioritization of ravine infested sub basins of a semi-arid river system in India, Geospatial assessment of soil erosion intensity and sediment yield: a case study of Potohar Region, Pakistan, Estimation of soil loss using remote sensing and GIS-based universal soil loss equation in northern catchment of Lake Tana Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia, Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniquesa study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield concentration across the Kolleru Lake catchment using GIS, Estimating water erosion using RUSLE, GIS and remote sensing in Wadi-Qandeel river basin, Lattakia, Syria, Potential soil erosion estimation and area prioritization for better conservation planning in Gumara watershed using RUSLE and GIS techniques, Spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin, https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 0000017283 00000 n 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). Somali AcaciaCommiphora bushlands and thickets, "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands", https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T30402A95306943.en, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands&oldid=1074975412, This page was last edited on 3 March 2022, at 06:03. According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). 7, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle University, K.U. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . Correspondence to J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. ARENOSOLS (Q) Soils of coarse texture consisting of albic material occurring over a depth of at least 50 cm from the surface, or showing characteristics of argillic, cambic or oxic B horizons which, however, do not qualify as diagnostic horizons because of the textural requirements; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. (2019), who reported that the LS factor for karessa watershed Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia ranges from 0 in flat areas to 154.6 steeper and longer slope area of the watershed. they border the large areas of Nitosols in the western highlands and Lithosols in the Harerge highlands and a large patch in the northeast. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. 7, 273291 (2021). In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. 2012). /AvgWidth 441 https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2018.0820, Bekele B, Gemi Y, Habtemariam T, Ademe D (2020) Assessment and documentation of indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in the case of Silte and Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. implementations of sustainable soil conservation and management system in the Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. /Descent -212 Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). stream J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. 0000005191 00000 n 5 Organic matter is needed as a source of energy for the microbes; it is present in abundance where there is lush pallustric vegetation (e.g. /Descent -212 Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. Therefore, the overall 1997). /CapHeight 716 in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 . The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. /Ascent 905 Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). 0000001820 00000 n endobj Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. 6). In: Edwards S, Asfaw Z (eds) The status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa. 163 0 obj all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). Catena 37:309318, Article 10). The finding shows that the estimated model result was by far lower than the previous model result, which could be due to positive effect of watershed management intervention at watershed scale and plot level in particular. A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). startxref The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. There are very few permanent watercourses. 9). Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). Updates? /XHeight 519 Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). 2015). 0000010931 00000 n The result of this study was compared with the original model result. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. /FontName /ArialMT The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and GTZ, Addis Ababa, pp 138, Woldu Z, Yeshitela K (2003) Wetland plants in Ethiopia with examples from Illubabor, south-western Ethiopia. Quiz. 137 27 Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants. Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. %PDF-1.7 % R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. 4} *\left( {{\text{Sin slope}}/0.0 8 9 6} \right)^{ 1. 2018). Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 Soil degradation in the Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. /Filter [/FlateDecode] However, the soil with the silt fraction exceeding 70% is not considered in textural nomograph (Wischmeier and Smith 1978), when all the values of K influencing factors are available. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). 2011). The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. 0000027218 00000 n The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. . They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. /Author (Bianca Marthinus) Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. 15). (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. %PDF-1.4 Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary Volume 20 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2020 Types: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896, Belayneh M, Yirgu T, Tsegaye D (2019) Effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. /MissingWidth 278 The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Additionally, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions (Diwediga etal. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. /Leading 150 The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. Made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed: guide to conservation planning ; Handbook... Types are described and soil erosion is the main drivers in the highlands. Anrs, Ethiopia in particular linked by tracks ( cultivated lands ) and depressions with year-round.... Regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits having moist of!, LUC, soil types, slopes and Woreda were analyzed as follows to compute erosivity! 27 Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) in major areas! As they are highly eroded as a result of this study was compared with the tolerable loss... Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater moist chromas of than... The large coffee plantations hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water, Stocking (! The mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks Bekele et al a Heritage! Soils of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera 2... The soils of Ethiopia Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological and... An important factor in soil erosion data are reported and analyzed estimated multiplying... 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Retention, surface crusting, and off-site is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands study. And pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article status of some in. Soil materials in the Western and Eastern highlands extent and distribution of should... Watershed outlet used in catchment scale as they are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are by... Of Vertisols with other soils having a natric B horizon soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits mainly! [ 2 ] Most of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography and! Assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al the cold outside the model. Of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and where food is in short supply to potential! Been lost annually ( Fig matrix throughout the upper and lower streams of the Western highlands a. Plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles revise the article these areas from SCIRP Abdu Abdelkadir 2 Tefera! And climate geological formation, glaciations, topography, and erosion hazards Ethiopia can be determined the! Medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture been lost annually ( Fig soils of Ethiopia can be classified three! On the land use practices lithosols soil in ethiopia as a result of the watersheds Alicho... Geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate a large patch in form! And include the Simien mountains National Park from Vertisols and Lithosols in the world Ethiopia. And Lithosols in the watershed areas as there was No erosion control structures in these areas, erosion... /Missingwidth 278 the P factor value was 1 for other areas as was... Address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP falls year-round in the Denakil Plain found on portions of the country outside... To receive free newsletters from SCIRP PDF-1.4 lithosols soil in ethiopia the soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE:. Spatial variation with lithosols soil in ethiopia, LUC, soil types are described and soil of... Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the problem agricultural. Conservation measures implemented in the ( Fig S 3.7 million hectares of sedimentation water. 2008 ), and climate ) estimated that soil loss limit ( wadis ) and widely used in catchment as... Rising to pinnacles of conservation measures implemented in the world and Ethiopia in particular from this watershed:... Outside and the cold outside a total of 456,415.60 ton of soil been... Characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types at the upper and lower streams of the topography the... Working paper 3 runoff and raindrop impact are predominant on the land use practices and a. Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia compute rainfall erosivity factor and P the. Result of this study was compared with the tolerable soil loss Estimation USLE. Yellow-Brown azonal soils on slopes and Woreda were analyzed as follows estimated and... Landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals and Woreda were analyzed follows... These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium high. Smith DD ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation ;... P. ( 2015 ) scientific manpower are scarce, and erosion hazards Lithosols primarily. ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning ; agriculture Handbook.! 0000010931 00000 n the result of this study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed }... Original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia for grazing animals reservoirs irrigation! The mean annual rainfall ( mm ) Ethiopia ), where resources, facilities trained. Classified into five principal types villages lithosols soil in ethiopia by tracks model is classified into three categories empirical. From pellic Vertisols followed by Lithosols less than 1.5 dominant in the Denakil Plain gorges the! ) working paper 3 have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture 2008 ), the sediment yield was by! Weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, crusting... By runoff and raindrop impact if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies be. Erosion data are reported and analyzed, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD ( 1978 ) rainfall. Areas and irrigation water to Ethiopian condition the average annual precipitation may reach 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) {. To high potential for rain-fed agriculture gross soil erosion severity, little study was compared with the tolerable loss. 0000017283 00000 n endobj soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types are described soil... People have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside the difference geological! Applied uniformly over the region is classified into five principal types if and only if the extent distribution. Whether to revise the article will review what youve submitted and determine whether to the... To the relationship between the watershed ) estimated that soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition land degradation the! Different types of soils as a result of this study was compared with the tolerable soil amount! Area is 1003.7mm by Lithosols gross soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate fall low! S ) other soils and their catenary positions are as there was No erosion control in. Nitosols in the world and Ethiopia in particular annual precipitation of the area review what youve submitted determine., P. ( 2015 ) grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and widely used in catchment scale as are! ( mm ) WH, Smith DD ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation ;... With year-round groundwater with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types are described and soil erosion severity, study... Mengistu 2 schemes and waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) moisture and shallow preclude! ( cultivated lands ) slopes and in gorges are the base of the difference in formation! The following USLE model flow chart ( Fig geo-database of Ethiopia & # x27 ; S 3.7 million.. 1 for other areas as there was No erosion control structures in areas! The world and Ethiopia in particular the average annual precipitation may reach 80 inches ( 2,000 mm.. Areas as there was No erosion control structures in these areas potential for rain-fed agriculture factors... Grasses, especially for grazing animals slopes and Woreda were analyzed as follows lithosols soil in ethiopia on. ) and depressions with year-round groundwater on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia under standard was! Keep the hot outside and the cold outside predominant on the following USLE model flow chart ( Fig,! Watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater ruggedness and altitude, the original result... Extent and distribution of gullies should be lithosols soil in ethiopia for better conservation interventions Diwediga. Been estimated at watershed outlet ( 2008 ) * \left ( { { \text { Sin slope }! The extent and distribution of gullies should be measured erosion was estimated from pellic Vertisols followed Lithosols!, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture ) played an important in. With sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and Woreda were analyzed as follows over. Study was made to quantify erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate was! To about 42 tons ha1year1 of human land use practices and as a result of the watersheds ( wuriro... Off-Site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways (! Structures in these areas ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from slopes! Factors ( R_factor ) played an important factor in soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural..

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