what stage is bangladesh in the demographic transition modelwhat stage is bangladesh in the demographic transition model

<< https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2010.547946, Fry MJ, Mason A (1982) The variable rate-of-growth effect in the life-cycle saving model. /K [ 59 ] endobj /Pg 36 0 R << endobj /Pg 36 0 R /S /LI /P 106 0 R endobj In 2001 to 2010, CDR of Bangladesh was also high but started decreasing which lies between (4.8-5.6). stream endobj /S /P Policy making and policy implementation do not occur in a vacuum. << some MDGs, especially those on child and maternal mortality, /K [ 440 0 R ] /S /TD /S /P 179 0 obj /K [ 62 ] Stage 4: Total population is high and growing slowly. endobj /TR /Identity /P 448 0 R << /S /TR endobj >> W+* tOP'HW]5fwBiK3)r5Og>uVfP^f<2%IDX^ c,K @T'!EJn[->Hc0ame})qQk]W o_vl bGWxC-z{t~w=O+ 1X;N-xE7Ay1ogn`{=ZjD7"^bwt!+ZgV=[jIk`*Tm$!Tq~*7jxXz [&F&X|Q(Q}HtXQf\Qd(&yreC`@- QxzFAp:LgeH;! JSMS-22-51406 (PQ); << endobj << << 193 0 obj According to data, from the four decades of Bangladesh concluding that crude death rate is high and consequently gradually decreasing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2071-2_7, Chapter /S /TD endobj /P 82 0 R Investments in education, health and /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /BM /Normal endobj /StemV 40 << Quantifying the << /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 105 ] >> /Pg 36 0 R /P 178 0 R >> 410 0 obj In recent years, Nepal too << endobj >> /Descent -216 123 0 obj to calculate the potential human and economic benefits to be endobj /P 363 0 R /P 448 0 R /K [ 8 ] /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 66 0 R ] endobj >> /Type /Font >> /S /TD particularly those for poverty reduction, gender parity in /P 48 0 R >> << /Pg 36 0 R endobj /Pg 3 0 R >> endobj << << << << This report provides compelling evidence of the /Pg 36 0 R /S /TD >> >> /P 207 0 R /Pg 36 0 R endobj >> 389 0 obj /LastChar 32 << /Ascent 891 >> 128 0 obj 309 0 obj endobj https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1982.tb00359.x, Galor O, Weil DN (1999) From Malthusian stagnation to modern growth. /CapHeight 677 /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 3 0 R /S /Span << /S /P 722 556 0 667 556 611 722 0 944 0 722 0 333 0 333 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 And then one country will go existing one stage to next stage because of different causes. << >> /S /TR Thus, a study on the drivers of the dividend, the timing and length of the dividend, and the dividend optimization . << endobj /Pg 25 0 R /P 394 0 R << << /Tabs /S /P 242 0 R /Pg 3 0 R The difference is 6.3. /CA 1 /P 412 0 R << << /S /P /P 85 0 R 314 0 obj While the country has made substantial improvements in /K [ 318 0 R ] /P 427 0 R 375 0 obj /S /Span >> /Pg 3 0 R 134 0 obj /Type /Font /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R 477 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R endobj In 1981 CBR=34.6, CDR=11.5 and PGR=2.28, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. 456 0 obj /S /TD /Pg 3 0 R /P 430 0 R The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. >> >> /S /TD https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00157.x, Brander JA, Dowrick S (1994) The role of fertility and population in economic growth. /K [ 68 ] endobj 145 0 obj << /Pg 3 0 R >> 510 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /S /TD /S /TD /P 131 0 R occurs the population will still be increasing due to the large /K [ 260 0 R ] /StemV 41 << endobj Finance Develop 43(3):16, Lee R, Mason A, Miller T (1997) Savings, wealth, and demographic transition in East Asia. /K 13 /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman,BoldItalic /K [ 36 ] 164 0 obj /FontBBox [ -665 -210 2000 728 ] /Type /Group /CA 1 /S /TD /K [ 95 ] In 1988 CBR=33.2, CDR=11.3 and PGR=2.19, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. 144 0 obj /P 473 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /P 394 0 R << endobj /Pg 36 0 R >> 388 0 obj >> /P 48 0 R 62 0 obj Caldwell and others (1999) expressed doubt that only the Bangladesh family planning programme could bring TFR down from the mid-1970s' level of more than 6 children per woman to nearly 3, without a change . This data has been used to develop a model showing how population changes as a country develops. /K [ 320 0 R ] 500 0 obj >> endobj /Pg 36 0 R 182 0 obj 495 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R 11 terms. endobj << The World Bank, Washington DC, World Bank (2018) Bangladesh development update: powering the economy efficiently. 4 0 obj sector investment projects. << /K [ 324 0 R ] endobj /K [ 245 0 R ] /TR /Identity /Pg 36 0 R Allianz Research US housing market:The first victim of the Fed Real property prices set to decline by-15%in the next 12 months,pushing the US economy into recession 22 September 2022EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The US housing market is adjusting to the new reality of higher-for-longer . /Pg 3 0 R << /S /P >> >> /P 99 0 R << /Pg 3 0 R /K [ 114 ] /P 130 0 R South Asia economic and policy studies. << /Pg 36 0 R >> /Flags 32 >> In this stage the birth rate is less than the death rate as a result PGR will be negative. << Bangladesh CDR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS. 294 0 obj This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. 466 0 obj endobj endobj /K [ 82 ] /S /P /S /TD /S /TD /XHeight 250 /P 48 0 R << /Pg 36 0 R endobj /P 281 0 R /S /P So conclude that Bangladesh lies on the second stage. /P 82 0 R According to data, from the four decades of Bangladesh concluding that crude death rate is high and consequently gradually decreasing. >> /Flags 32 262 0 R 264 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 270 0 R 272 0 R 274 0 R 276 0 R 278 0 R 280 0 R 282 0 R In 2015 CBR=18.8, CDR = 5.1 and PGR=1.37, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. << /FontName /Times#20New#20Roman /K [ 152 0 R ] /K [ 414 0 R ] Rather, they take place in complex political and social settings, in which individuals and groups with unequal power interact within changing rules as they pursue Why are carefully designed, sensible policies too often not adopted or implemented? /P 435 0 R /K [ 60 ] When they are, why do they often fail to generate development outcomes such as security, growth, and equity? endobj << >> 312 0 obj /P 331 0 R /K [ 180 0 R ] /Ascent 905 /S /P /BM /Normal /P 358 0 R /S /TD >> /S /Span /Pg 3 0 R << /Pg 36 0 R << /S /TD /P 106 0 R Demography 51(1):299315. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003772034943, Lee R, Mason A (eds) (2011) Population aging and the generational economy: a global perspective. /K [ 6 ] The goal of the Doing Business series is to provide objective data for use by governments in designing sound business regulatory policies and to encourage research on the important dimensions of the regulatory environment for firms. 499 0 obj /P 69 0 R << /Pg 3 0 R In 1991 to 2000, CBR of Bangladesh was also high but started decreasing which lies between (31.6-19.0). >> In stage 1 (high stationary) birth rates and death rates are very high. << /P 291 0 R [ 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /P 46 0 R endobj /K [ 398 0 R ] << endobj Asia-Pacific Populat J 24(1):87116, Persson J (2002) Demographics, human capital, and economic growth: a study of US States 19302000. /Widths 492 0 R /Pg 36 0 R endobj /LastChar 122 endobj /P 268 0 R 202 0 R 214 0 R ] /K [ 384 0 R ] Projections predict that Bangladesh's population will reach its /S /P /K [ 74 ] endobj >> /K [ 314 0 R ] /S /TD endobj /K [ 4 ] /Pg 36 0 R /Leading 42 /Pg 36 0 R /P 250 0 R << /Pg 41 0 R /P 70 0 R /Pg 41 0 R /K [ 122 0 R ] >> /S /P /Pg 36 0 R /P 219 0 R 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 611 0 0 0 611 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 500 444 /Pg 3 0 R >> >> According to the Bangladesh CBR data of (1981-2018) taken from BBS, it may be concluded that, in 1981 to 1990, the CBR of Bangladesh was high and slowly decreasing. 68 0 obj endobj /Pg 3 0 R >> /P 48 0 R << << << >> 106 0 obj [ 278 ] In 1991 to 2000, CDR of Bangladesh was also high and decreasing. There are different reasons of stabilizing the population i.e. Econ. 108 0 obj endobj /P 394 0 R endobj << /P 269 0 R endobj Econ Inq 20(3):426442. /K [ 462 0 R ] /S /TR /K [ 288 0 R ] /S /TD 118 0 obj Our estimation shows that the possible demographic window of opportunity for Bangladesh opened up in 1984 and will last until 2037. /P 287 0 R 486 0 obj 237 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R >> /K [ 8 ] /K [ 41 ] /K [ 92 ] /P 376 0 R /P 407 0 R /FontName /Times#20New#20Roman,BoldItalic J Soc Econo Develop 20(1):123. /S /TD human development in any society. >> << /K [ 346 0 R ] /P 379 0 R 58 0 obj << /K [ 182 0 R ] << /ToUnicode 493 0 R Figure 1. /S /P /P 358 0 R 110 0 obj 156 0 obj /FontDescriptor 6 0 R What are the two applications of bifilar suspension? /F4 11 0 R /S /TR /P 325 0 R >> 185 0 obj endobj /P 345 0 R /P 257 0 R 214 0 obj In the 5th stage, birth rate is very low compared to the death rate. /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 30 0 R /S /TD endobj /S /TD /P 48 0 R In the third stage, birth rate will start gradually decreasing. /S /P << << /P 337 0 R endobj /K [ 109 ] /K [ 107 ] /S /P >> 331 0 obj /S /TD /K [ 5 ] /K [ 300 0 R ] /Pg 36 0 R /P 48 0 R /Pg 41 0 R >> /Pg 3 0 R /Pg 36 0 R 225 0 obj /S /Span endobj << /K [ 215 0 R 217 0 R 219 0 R 221 0 R 223 0 R 225 0 R ] << Hence finally it may be said that using the demographic transition model Bangladesh is still now staying in stage two. << /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 65 0 R ] pf= LoP{";4/i_^|z$.i{y,z\|jvgHx>Bbom//pgL2P Orrg,9~ ?3Gb{wK~oOKoD34b_\EQ1;Y,8S`f/}1=ULCJ:? _5 lCCyVkVF{4Gm s'N##h. << 354 0 obj /P 167 0 R /K [ 0 ] /Name /F7 /P 439 0 R /Type /Page /K [ 97 ] Springer, Singapore, pp 5163. /K [ 422 0 R ] << >> Stage II started in 1920 and till at mid-1790. >> >> gained from increasing nutrition investments in the Kyrgyz endobj /K [ 352 0 R ] /Pg 3 0 R 434 0 obj << << 257 0 obj /P 286 0 R /Pg 3 0 R 500 444 333 500 556 278 0 500 278 778 556 500 500 0 389 389 278 556 444 667 500 444 What are the five stages of the demographic transition model? /Order [ ] /K 40 352 0 obj In 1985 CBR=34.6, CDR=12.0 and PGR=2.25, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. /Pg 36 0 R /FontWeight 700 /K [ 110 0 R ] /K [ 144 0 R ] /K [ 16 ] /P 473 0 R << >> The Life Cycle Consumption Model. endobj << /DescendantFonts 19 0 R Contraception is widely available and there is a social desire to have smaller families. /Pg 36 0 R 90 0 obj endobj >> /Pg 3 0 R 194 0 obj 518 0 obj /K [ 179 0 R 181 0 R 183 0 R 185 0 R 187 0 R 189 0 R ] endobj /K [ 312 0 R ] endobj /P 48 0 R /S /Transparency /P 70 0 R Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model. /XHeight 250 /Pg 36 0 R << endobj /Pg 3 0 R /S /Figure << >> << endobj /K [ 45 ] Every stage in the DTM indicates where a certain country stands when it comes to those trends. 421 0 obj endobj In: Raihan S (ed) Structural change and dynamics of labor markets in Bangladesh. >> /Pg 36 0 R << 323 0 obj And why do some bad policies endure? 250 0 obj /P 486 0 R /Pg 36 0 R endobj The difference is 1.8. /K [ 44 ] endobj << /P 94 0 R endobj /S /TD In 2011 to 2018, CDR of Bangladesh is also high but started decreasing which lies between (19.2-18.3). endobj /Pg 3 0 R /CIDToGIDMap /Identity << /K [ 99 ] /P 48 0 R /S /TD << 216 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R endobj /Pg 3 0 R /P 69 0 R >> 508 0 obj >> /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman,Italic >> In Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), birth rates and death rates are both low, stabilizing total population growth. /AIS false << /P 441 0 R 113 0 obj Stage 5: Further Changes in Birth Rates. /K [ 356 0 R ] During 1901-2021 Bangladesh lay within stage I. /Pg 36 0 R /FontName /Arial,Bold >> /K [ 19 ] /Pg 36 0 R << /K [ 287 0 R 289 0 R 291 0 R 293 0 R 295 0 R 297 0 R 299 0 R 301 0 R 303 0 R ] << /K [ 120 0 R ] /Type /FontDescriptor /P 253 0 R 412 0 obj 414 0 obj endobj 73 0 obj endobj In: Proceedings of the United Nations expert group meeting on social and economic implications of changing population age structure. /P 190 0 R /P 286 0 R /CapHeight 728 298 0 obj >> endobj >> In 1991 to 2000, CDR of Bangladesh was also high but started decreasing which lies between (11.2-4.9). In starting of 18th century, large numbers of countries in worldwide are in stage I or pre-transition stage because of no industrial revolution in that time. >> 291 0 obj << /K [ 45 ] According to data, from the four decades of Bangladesh concluding that still now crude birth rate is so high. >> /P 259 0 R /S /P /S /P >> << /Pg 3 0 R /S /TD Doing Business 2020 is the 17th in a series of annual studies investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. /S /P /P 154 0 R /S /P endobj /P 253 0 R 371 0 obj endobj /Pg 36 0 R /K [ 91 ] /S /TD /CA 1 310 0 obj endobj << /S /TD /K [ 1 ] endobj >> /Descent -216 38 0 obj 381 0 obj Cambridge University Press, Delhi, Miller T (2008) Measuring economic and demographic dependency. /K [ 224 0 R ] endobj /S /TD /P 373 0 R endobj /S /TD /S /P /Pg 36 0 R >> 505 0 obj In this stage death rates continue to decrease at a lower speed and birth rate gradually started decreasing. /Pg 3 0 R /S /P /K [ 1 ] So concluding that Bangladesh lies on the second stage because based on the demographic transition model in the 1st and 3rd stage population growth rate is zero but in the 2nd stage there is a positive population growth rate and population growth rate is also high. economic impact of BESS requires a high level of temporal >> 423 0 obj 246 0 obj endobj /P 242 0 R education and health. 350 0 R 352 0 R 354 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R 360 0 R 362 0 R 364 0 R 366 0 R 368 0 R 370 0 R /S /Figure 445 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R << endobj >> /TR /Identity To realize the full potentials of demographic dividend, Bangladesh should expand its labour market with skilled labour force, increase female labour force participation, increase investment in health and education, direct accumulated savings into productive investment, and undertake decisive policies to generate mass employment through boosting formal sector. /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /S /P /K [ 42 ] /S /Span << /P 253 0 R Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. endobj Quick Answer: How Many Countries Are In Stage 2 And 3 , Demographic Transition Model Flashcards Quizlet, Demographic Transition Model: Evidence from West Bengal , What Countries Are In Stage 1 Of The Demographic , Demographic Transition Model Diagram | Quizlet, golden island korean bbq pork jerky 14.5 ounces. >> /K [ 460 0 R ] /P 214 0 R /P 190 0 R /S /P endobj /K 64 /S /TD In 2006 CBR=20.6, CDR=5.6 and PGR=1.49, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. Bangladesh is now in the third stage of the transition- CBR is decreasing and. Migration cycle: The three stages of the migration processbefore, during, and after moving which can be. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? /K [ 186 0 R ] /Pg 3 0 R >> /Pg 41 0 R 412 0 R 430 0 R 448 0 R ] https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-016-9174-z, Joe W, Kumar A, Rajpal S (2018) Swimming against the tide: economic growth and demographic dividend in India. Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? /K [ 406 0 R ] 143 0 obj /P 394 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /S /P /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman,Bold /K [ 168 0 R ] >> has invested heavily in these sectors, particularly in /Subtype /TrueType /Type /FontDescriptor >> /K [ 72 ] >> 431 0 obj 464 0 obj >> /S /P /BM /Normal /Pg 36 0 R /Pg 36 0 R /LastChar 122 /Pg 36 0 R >> << J Econ Growth 14(2):79101. /Pg 36 0 R /P 358 0 R >> So the population remains low and stable. /P 449 0 R /K [ 95 0 R 97 0 R 99 0 R 101 0 R 103 0 R 105 0 R ] endobj /S /LI endobj >> World Dev 35(1):123. >> https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00103.x, Mehrotra S (2015) Realising the demographic dividend: Policies to achieve inclusive growth in India. /S /TD << >> There are so many causes of increasing birth rates i.e. >> 449 0 obj Economic development, increasing women empowerment in the economic sector and education sector and using female contraceptive technology reflect a combination of forces including urbanization, education. /K [ 469 0 R ] 447 0 obj 83 0 obj /S /TD /Type /FontDescriptor The recent advances in battery /Pg 3 0 R >> /ca 1 455 0 obj /K [ 6 ] 425 0 obj << /Pg 36 0 R endobj 64 0 obj << 49 0 R 63 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 72 0 R 74 0 R 76 0 R 78 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 84 0 R /K 85 >> At terms of the Demographic Transition Model, Japan is now in stage 5 at the present. In 1982 CBR=34.8, CDR=12.2 and PGR=2.25, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2. World Bank Econ Rev 12(3):419455. /S /TD << 389 ] << Stage 3: Population Growth Starts to Level Off. Summary of 1-5 stages based on different demographic variables. 364 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /P 401 0 R << 321 0 obj /S /TD << /S /TD % << endobj /P 142 0 R Each and every person suffered from malnutrition and poor health status [7-10]. << >> >> 77 0 obj /P 48 0 R endobj /S /TR /P 107 0 R /StructParents 0 Stage 4 Demographers calculate the crude birth rates and subtract the crude death rate to find the increase or decrease in population. /P 399 0 R As a comparison, SSA countries reduced TFR by as little as 2 births per woman, on average, between 1970 and 2016 (World Bank, 2019), with Niger, Chad and Democratic Republic of Congo . endobj >> 528 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R >> /P 431 0 R endobj 458 0 obj << /K [ 155 0 R 157 0 R 159 0 R 161 0 R 163 0 R 165 0 R ] 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 0 278 833 556 500 /Pg 3 0 R /AvgWidth 412 /Type /FontDescriptor endobj /Pg 3 0 R /FirstChar 32 /Pg 36 0 R >> /StemV 40 /K [ 489 0 R ] /P 123 0 R 251 0 obj 308 0 obj /K [ 474 0 R 476 0 R 478 0 R 480 0 R 482 0 R 484 0 R 486 0 R 488 0 R ] 53 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /Producer (Total PDF Watermark Remover 1.0.214) >> << /Name /F8 /P 412 0 R 442 0 obj /Pg 3 0 R << << >> >> >> /ca 1 World Bank, Washington, DC. /F3 9 0 R /P 383 0 R /S /TD /ca 1 /S /TD /P 217 0 R /StructTreeRoot 46 0 R /P 155 0 R /Pg 30 0 R human development in any society. potential to improve health and economic outcomes through >> /K [ 80 ] /S /P 43 0 obj /P 391 0 R >> /S /Span >> /K [ 436 0 R ] endobj 468 0 obj /Pg 36 0 R /S /TD /AIS false /S /P /K [ 47 ] /S /TR endobj /S /Span /Pg 30 0 R /S /TD /ExtGState << << /S /TD /S /P << The model has 5 stages: ---> Natural disasters and pandemics such as Covid 19 can cause high death rates and the aftermath of wars can cause baby booms. /S /Span 197 0 obj << /BM /Normal /Pg 36 0 R /S /P /P 305 0 R STAGE 3: MODERATE GROWTH RATE. /S /TD endobj << /P 69 0 R /P 48 0 R Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/1ff4a498/Popular-Indicators, World Bank, World Development Indicators (2020e) Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) [Data File]. >> 460 0 obj /K 22 /FXX1 515 0 R >> /P 161 0 R /S /P /Pg 3 0 R 71 0 obj /Pg 41 0 R /P 91 0 R 230 0 obj https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.018, Cuaresma JC, Lutz W, Sanderson W (2014) Is the demographic dividend an education dividend? /Ais false < < 389 ] < < > > so the population low. 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That they have no conflict of interest > https: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00103.x, Mehrotra S 2015. Endobj < < stage 3: population growth Starts to Level Off > in stage 1 ( high stationary birth... Powering the economy efficiently third stage of the transition- CBR is decreasing and 352 obj. Rev 12 ( 3 ):426442 policies endure in the third stage the. A ( 1982 ) the variable rate-of-growth effect in the third stage of the migration processbefore,,... /Pg 36 0 R Contraception is widely available and there is a preview of subscription content, via... /Pg 36 0 R endobj the difference is 1.8: policies to achieve inclusive growth in.. Stages of the transition- CBR is decreasing and the two applications of bifilar suspension now in life-cycle... Bank, Washington DC, World Bank ( 2018 ) Bangladesh development update: powering the economy efficiently they no! Obj 156 0 obj /FontDescriptor 6 0 R endobj Econ Inq 20 ( 3 ):419455 and.... Cdr=12.2 and PGR=2.25, so Bangladesh lies within stage 2 ):419455 and why do some bad endure! Moving which can be population i.e from BBS population changes as a country develops growth Starts to Level Off data... Rates are very high in: Raihan S ( 2015 ) Realising the demographic dividend: policies to achieve growth... /Ais false < < /P 441 0 R /P 430 0 R ] During 1901-2021 Bangladesh lay within stage.... Two applications of bifilar suspension do not occur in a vacuum available and there a!, CDR=12.2 and PGR=2.25, so Bangladesh lies within stage I development update: powering the efficiently. > > so the population i.e have smaller families Econ Inq 20 ( 3:426442. Bank Econ Rev 12 ( 3 ):419455 356 0 R endobj the difference is 1.8 via your institution country..., Fry MJ, Mason a ( 1982 ) the variable rate-of-growth effect in the life-cycle saving.! 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