The Sky Is Gray portraits both the ugly and beautiful experiences that James and his mother get on their way to the dentist. And by the end of the story, the reader does indeed sense that there has been some change to who James is in that short span, a sense reinforced by his mothers assertion that he is not a bum, but a man. The overarching theme in this story is change and transformation. However, the trip to the dentist is weighty too because of the prejudice that exists outside his little community. This poor, Negro boy, James, lives with his mother and five other relatives while his father is away. It is my belief that Gaines' "The Sky is Gray" depicts the possible roots of a public leader, in the way the nature of the young narrator James is portrayed it illuminates the character traits in civil leader. James soon finds himself walking through the cold of Bayonne. In short, the unfortunate consequence of exclusively race-based readings is that they narrow the readers scope of inquiry, inviting the reader to ask fewer questions and questions of a more particular nature than one would ask of an author like James Joyce, Salman Rushdie, or J. M. Coetzeeeach of whose writings are intimately concerned with different conceptions of race and their ramifications. He hears his mother complainWe the wrong colorand he sees for himself the relative comfort of the white people eating in a nearby cafe. (55) 7.4 46min 1980 13+. Just as the clouds clear after a storm, James finds out on his trip to Bayonne that the stormy clouds that are his life are parting to let some sunshine through. New York: W.W. Norton, 2004. Young James (8 years old) mind is weighted down with guilt knowing his tooth has a big effect on the familythey might not be able to feed the family because of his tooth. The narrator is James, an eight-year-old black boy living in rural Louisiana. Furthermore, the story implies that the community can continue to provide the individual with emotional support in his efforts to fulfill his individual needs. The Sky is Gray is a bildungsroman, a story describing the growth of a child into adulthood. Next, James discovers that the dentists colored waiting-room is a place of intensified vocality and aurality, where patients are hollering like pigs under a gate and where all round the room people are talking. Analysis: "The Sky Is Gray". With all of these facets, why would Gaines end the story with this quest unfinished? The Sky is Gray is episodic in formthat is, the story is not told as a sequence of events, but as a sequence of events punctuated by narrative flashbacks and broken up into numbered segments. "The Sky is Gray" by African American writer Ernest J. Gaines is a short story within the collection Bloodline: Five Stories, first published in Negro Digest in August 1963 and in the collection in 1968. The great fear here is not the capriciousness of white townfolk, but of being beholden, as a result of their poverty, to anyone. The Sky Is Gray Photos View All Photos Movie Info. Publisher Chicago : Perspective Films Language English. Ernest Gaines has written a non-fictional story that has three major characters apart from him as the narrator. Her final statement to James in the story is probably the most illustrative of her world view: You not a bum, she says. With James and his mother departing for the day, the rest of the family is left alone without enough firewood, the breadwinners are not able to work, and money has to be used that could have been put towards food for the house. The Sky is Gray is fundamentally a story about the process of coming of age, of going from one state to another. Gaines was left in the care of his great aunt, Augustine Jefferson, a woman he preferred to call his aunt and whom he considered one of the most powerful influences on the formation of his character. The boy dont answer her no more. The scene in which Jamess mother is toldor discoversthat her son must go to the dentist is skipped over, but the familys poverty, and the comparatively huge cost of having the tooth pulled, is not. . For the sky is, indeed, gray in this story. . . In one instance Octavia enters a white-owned hardware store and pretends to inspect ax handles for purchase while James heats himself at the wood stove. In "Life and Letters of Thomas Huxley", Thomas Huxley says it best: "The rung of a ladder is never meant to rest upon . with superstition. His narrative begins as he and his mother wait for a bus to take them to a dentists office where James is to have his tooth pulled and ends that same day, sometime shortly before (the reader presumes) that tooth is finally pulled. He is the oldest of all the children. From a larger, more global viewpoint . In The Sky is Gray, the goal is not exactly reached. Critics have been kind to Gaines, but his reputation has not risen with such meteoric speed as have the reputations of some of the other contemporary black writers of his generation. Figuratively, it is a metaphor of the collective black experience.. What this suggests is that in the highly polarized world in which James is growing up, external appearance can be more significant that internal realityafter all, whether Jamess collar is up or down, hes clearly not a bum, but a boy, and even a man can be permitted, under conditions as cold as those James and Octavia find themselves in, to pull his collar up around his throat. The story portraits three remarkable points: James's forced mature, his childhood memory damaged by poverty, but even so, their dignity still remains. Jamess mother talks at length about how much it will cost while James pretends to sleep. All the leaves are brown & the sky is gray I've been for a walk On a winter's day I'd be safe & warm If I was in LA California dreamin' On such a winter's day Stopped into a church I passed along the way, Well, I got down on my knees, and I began to pray . Well, if I cant, to hell with it. . Not wanting to be a crybaby and knowing well that his mother cannot afford a trip to the dentist, James recalls his efforts to disguise his pain from the rest of his family. As the argument between the student and minister in the dentists office clearly illustrates, there is a racial dimension present in the story. ." Try refreshing this page.If the problem persists, contact our support contact our support In The Sky is Gray, by Ernest J. Gaines and Mr. Parker, by Laurie Colwin, James and Janie are no exception. For Babb, Octavias intention is to teach her son a valuable lesson in pride and survival, but she doesnt interrogate the relationship between pride and survival, preferring tacitly to assume that her readers will infer a necessary relationship between the two where none in fact exists. Why did Jamess mother think it was important for him to kill the songbirds? But assume for a moment that Octavias world is not so simple. Pressure continues to mount on the government over a number of events that allegedly took place in Whitehall and Downing Street while COVID-19 restrictions were in force. Just as the clouds clear after a storm, James finds out on his trip to Bayonne that the stormy clouds that are his life are parting to let some sunshine. It is important to recall that the Civil Rights era coincided with the casting off of imperial control by a series of African countries. But this much is clear. Education: The Richard Pulling Jenks School, New York; traveled with his family in Europe from an early, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. "The Sky is Gray"contains many of the themes and images Gaines returns to again and again in his work: themes of personal responsibility, grace under pressure, and moral behavior; images of strong mothers, mysteriously absent fathers, and families in which love is expressed more often in harsh words or silence than in overt praise or affection. Though her family is clearly poor, it is evident that they have learned to function within the constraints of their poverty. Whereas the minister clings to the traditional religious value of faith, the student espouses the development of more individualistic values based on reasoning and logic. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. ostreet9 Plus "Angel Levine" by Bernard Malamud. The Individual and the Community in Two Short Stories by Ernest J. Gaines, in Black American Literature Forum, Vol. Consider, for example, the contradiction in Babbs representation of Octavia as on the one hand trying to keep James from the cold while adher[ing] to strict rules of racial separation, but on the other being enabled by her dissembling to keep him warm without compromising her dignity. Exactly what is keeping James cold, one wondersstrict rules of racial separation, or Octavias uncompromised dignity? It suggests at first the bleak mood of the story but also hints at hope in the future. Ed. She insists that they come inside while she calls the dentist to tell him that they are coming. 14, April 5, 1971, pp. (WMG owns this not me)(Lyrics)All the leaves are brown and the sky is greyI've been for a walk on a winters dayI'd be safe and warm if I was in L.A.Californi. Her dissembling enables her to warm him without compromising her dignity by begging the proprietor to allow her son use of the stove. Consequently, the reader is limited to what James observes and understands. In 19, Writer, educator James' mother is "wearing that black . Although her primary goal is to project a model of strength for James through her own actions, her inability to make her sense of the world comprehensible to him leaves James vulnerable to the very forces from which she would shield him. This tooth of endless remorse/aurality may be deniedIt aint hurting me no morebut will never be extracted from the central black consciousness of The Sky Is Gray. Of course, too, there is a shrewd and even humorous irony involved in attempting to exorcise the black hyperverbality by prayerwhether this be Baptist or Catholic incantationfor the Word/word, spoken or sung, lies at the root of black religiosity. The title of the story "The Sky is Gray" by Ernest Gaines is ironic. Regardless of the scope, however, Gaines . His feelings of isolation are clearly illustrated in his conversation with a woman who attempts to take his side in the disagreement. 4, June, 1991, pp. The Sky is Gray Essay example. His father left his mother when Gaines was a small boy, forcing his mother to move to New Orleans to find work. Understanding The Sky is Gray requires that one not only understand something about the Louisiana of the 1930s and 1940s but also understand what was happening with regard to race in the United States during the 1960s, because the events of what later came to be called the Civil Rights era made a substantial and lasting impression on Gaines, one that can be seen not too far beneath the surface of The Sky is Gray in the person of the student and in the storys preoccupation with racial inequality. Again, Gaines is shrewd enough not to let James end his ordeal at this point but forces him to confront the obstacles of bitter cold and hunger in order to accomplish his sensory rite de passage. James lives with his other siblings, his aun. The advantages of episodic form, when relating the experiences of a young boy, are obvious, and have been used with great success in works as different as Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn and Rudyard Kiplings Kim. that the Negro in America has been able to tell his story and Ralph Waldo Emersons assumption that the eye is final; what it tells us is the last stroke of nature; beyond color we cannot go. This hyperverbal/hypervisual trauma or rite de passage forms the real theme or subject of both black childrens accounts in A Long Day in November and The Sky Is Gray. . You a man. While this is the nature of Octavias world, it does not completely define the contours of the world with which James must come to terms. In both A Long Day in November and The Sky Is Gray, Gaines involves the reader in the dilemma faced by individuals who find traditional folk values inadequate to meet their needs. The drawback to what Ill call, for lack of a better term, race-based readings may not be immediately obvious, but isnt terribly complicated. The Sky Is Gray Analysis. A black boy comes of age in Louisiana during the 1940's and learns of racism and poverty firsthand. "The Sky is Gray Set in Louisiana, Octavia is forced to raise her family by herself when her husband is sent off to war. Octavia shows the characteristics of a good parent by being stern, loving, and independent. The blacks then leave the store under the kindly but acute genius in America, with tyrannous eye: James recounts how shes still there watching us (italics mine). Author Biography The black student demands hypervisuality Show me one reason to believe in the existence of a God (italics mine)while at the same time demanding a reinterrogation of is verbality: What do words like Freedom, Liberty, God, White, Colored mean? (italics mine). Alnests wife, Helena is the storys other sympathetic white figure. In such a cultural climate, the spiritual and emotional well-being of both the community and the individual is threatened. Thats the thing. In the communal microcosm of the doctors office he represents the defiance, the nonviolent non-cooperation of the Civil Rights movement that would sweep through the South thirty years later. Contrary to what Octavia would have him believe, the choices that James must eventually make about the quality of his existence should not be between bum and man, or between adhering to the dictates of the head or heart as advocated by the student and the minister respectively. In the following essay, Meyer describes how The Sky is Gray is a coming of age story not just about coming to terms with growing up, but also dealing with the sensual orientation of ones body. Some of the reasons for what Lowe considers the unfair obscur[ity of] Gaines gifts are that Gaines writes about a largely rural community, isolated by both its southernness and its special Louisiana qualities, which it is true make it exotic, but at the same time somewhat inaccessible, even for many African Americans. Another reason Lowe cites for Gaines neglect is his refusal to cater to stereotypes. He states that although people expect stories set in Louisiana to take place in New Orleans, Gaines has never set one there. In thematic terms, two of the most important sections in the storysections seven and eightexplore the relationship between God, religion, knowledge, and ignorance. And a reading focussed exclusively on the storys racial dynamic misses this completely. In 1968, the same year that Gainess Bloodline was published, Reverend Martin Luther King himself was assassinated in a Memphis hotel. Twenty-five for me to go, twenty-five for him. His choices should involve a conscious effort to integrate the extremes. What makes the fact of Jamess narration worth remarking upon is that Gaines could, Reading Gaines first, foremost, always, and only as a black author, an author of race and race issues, rather than primarily as an imaginative author, an author of ideas, delimits the kinds of questions one can ask about his works and necessarily diminishes the readers appreciation of the imaginative sphere in which he works.. The sky is gray., The interaction between the community and the individual, along with its role in the shaping of human personality, is a primary concern of Ernest J. Gaines in much of his fiction. But this cure fails, too. Based on the story of the same title by Ernest Gaines, about a young Black farmboy's dawning of awareness about himself and society. There he developed a keen interest in reading, and he wrote his first novel the next year; on news of its rejection, he destroyed the only manuscript copy he possessed. 29 terms. However, because she never explains her motives to him, she presents James with a world filled with extremes which endangers his realization of the manhood she attempts to force prematurely on him. Cane, c. 1917 Style This is neither a subjective nor an unimportant question. Other Sellers on Amazon. Shortly thereafter the nurse enters the room and announces that the doctor will not treat anyone until one oclock. Awesome bookit wraps within the narrative so many layers of the black's struggle in America, their historymakes the reader think and feel for the characters, as such engaged with their livesgave me goosebumps!! What is the allegorical meaning of the student turning the other cheek when the preacher hits him? Gaines's prose is stark, spare, unrelenting in its precision and honesty. He could have told it through the eyes of Jamess mother Octavia, or Val; he could have told it in epistolary form (as a letter) from Jamess mother to his father; or from an omniscient perspective, one that allowed him to describe the sensory and sentient world from all of these vantage points in turn. BIBLIOGRAPHY James, who begins the story as a boy more conscious of his feelings and inner life than of the world in which he lives, moves far along the path toward understanding the moral complexity. I've got a real bad feeling. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their favorite novels like this The Sky Is Gray , but end up in harmful downloads. . It also involves the problem of integrating the individual and the community in a mutually rewarding relationship in the face of dehumanizing individualistic forces. Mother and sons odyssey through the dangers and pitfalls of poverty and racism also includes encounters with two kinds of whites: the dentists receptionist, who delays their appointment and then locks them out in the cold, and a woman and her invalid husband, who invite them into their store, offer them a hot meal (in exchange for work, at Octavias proud insistence), and phone the dentist to make sure he takes care of Jamess toothache. At the end of the story, although the sky is still gray, readers sense hope for James with the lessons he has learned from good people, black and white, but from no one more than his strong and principled mother. Estes, David C., editor. The source of Jamess isolation is his mother Octavia, who moves through the world of the story with a calm and control which always seem on the verge of eruption. This did not go unnoticed in the United States, particularly among black leaders who read with interest books like Jomo Kenyattas Facing Mount Kenya. But what the narrative loses from one hand it gains in the other. That work, like the five stories constituting Bloodline (1968) before it . For example, he believes that Catholic and non-Catholic prayers heal differently, but one suspects that the distinction between the two would be lost on the clergy of both Catholic and Protestant faiths. Look up the phrase rite of passage. Does Jamess situation fit the definition? Babb, Valerie Melissa. One means nothing more than the other. The distinction his mother makes between men and bums is both subtle and significant: bums pull their coat collars up, while men dont. It also refers to the complexity of the time in which James's character livesthe mid- to late-1950s or early-1960sand how previous values will no longer hold as the South shifts toward modernity. Unfortunately, I was born too late to believe in your God. Source: William E. H. Meyer, Jr., Ernest J. Gaines and the Black Childs Sensory Dilemma, in College Language Association Journal, Vol.34, No. . Themes Yet James, for all his acuteness of perception, can never follow Emerson into the parody of the Biblical command, Pray without ceasing: the New-England sage demands, Observe without ceasing (italics mine). 212, No. Lessons of Tough Love in The Sky is Gray Ernest Gaines' short story, The Sky is Gray, was published in 1963, towards the end of the Civil Rights Movement. The Sky Is Gray. In American Short Stories. Historical Context The story occurs on a cold winter day in Louisiana, whose gray sky suggests the lack of hope for many African Americans. Gravel crunches under the tires of the Rolls Royce as it trundles up the country road. The dangers that her approach poses to James are dramatically illustrated in the argument between a minister and a student in the dentists office, the scene of much of the action. . Source: John W. Roberts,. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Added . The limitations imposed on the narrative by an eight-year-old narrator are more obvious when he tries, unsuccessfully, to understand his mothers frequent mood changes or her mysterious decisions to fight or flee at each of the stations of mood the narrative visits. I was 17 when I thought I could write a novel and send it to New York and get it published, Ernest J. Gaines told Publishers Weekl, William James; became British citizen, 1915. For Eddie in A Long Day in November, the ability to solve the enigma created by Amys decision to leave him is compounded by his already established communal world view. He looks at two contrasting ideas, the African/aural rootsthe idea that African Americans express themselves through their music and aural interpretationsand their American/visual reorientationthe idea that America is a country of visual stimulations, that as Emerson said the eye is final.. Investigate the relationship between the Civil Rights movement in America and the anti-Apartheid movement in Africa. Though the events in this story take place well before what is commonly called the Civil Rights era, one cannot read The Sky is Gray without a keen awareness that the writer is writing at the historical moment during which the Civil Rights movement exploded onto the national stage and that, surprisingly, given this context, the story somehow manages to describe but not to overplay the protagonists suffering in terms of prejudice and inequality. Whatever their struggles, their successes and failures, they move toward a perception of their dignity. Describing the events that led to the set of oral interviews which comprise Porch Talk they write through our association with him we have discovered that dignity and pride are not only themes that pervade his art, but qualities that characterize him as a teacher and a man., John Lowe, editor of Conversations with Ernest Gaines provides a somewhat more rounded, though still uniformly laudatory, response to Gainess works. Bloodline: A Black Mans South, in CLA Journal, Vol. Only slightly less prominent than the theme of Civil Rights is class inequality. For me, the wind is pink, the grass is black.. Enables her to warm him without compromising her dignity by begging the proprietor to allow her son of. American Literature Forum, Vol individual is threatened Gray, the spiritual and emotional well-being of both the community the... Get on their way to the dentist, Gaines has written a non-fictional that. Exactly what is keeping James cold, one wondersstrict rules of racial,! 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