The data needs to apply across the whole map. The site editor may also be contacted with questions or comments about this Open Educational Resource. One way to normalize the choropleth map is to divide the statistical values with the population of the geographic area. Three square legend symbols should be used for the low, mid, and high range of values. You can upload data directly from an existing Google or Excel spreadsheet, copy and paste your data into Maptive, or enter it manually. 3. definition - The R and Python graph galleries are 2 websites providing hundreds of chart example, always providing the reproducible code. For example, large geographic areas (like Texas or California) might dominate the visual. For a visualization of this data on a Choropleth Map, however, there should be a significant correlation. Without software that prioritizes fluency and ease-of-use like Maptive, Graduated Symbol maps can become cluttered and hard to read. 3. Reader can be confused by the logic unless made clear Any geographic location on our planet can become the foundation of this work. But they have two key differences that separate them: choropleths rely on boundaries, while isopleths rely on density. No data are lost through classification. San Francisco, CA 94104, All rights reserved Maptive 2022 Privacy Policy | Terms of Service |Sitemap. Each of these classes has a specific dot size depending on the classification of the population in that city. If the potential \phi is taken to be zero at infinity (as usual), then it is easy to see that \phi is also zero at the point (0, 1, 0). This blog may contain links to other web sites. Available under the Open Database License (, Lesson 1: Basemaps and Big Picture Design, Before you Map: Audience, Medium, and Purpose, Symbol Design: Visual Order and Categories, Lesson 7: Multivariate and Uncertainty Visualization, Repository of Open and Affordable Materials, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Earth and Mineral SciencesEnergy Institute, iMPS in Renewable Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, BA in Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. If the map doesnt have borders drawn, we dont know exactly where these points are located. Choropleth maps are widely used in mapping despite their apparent shortcomings. The accuracy of estimating areas 3. Graduated Symbol Map Disadvantages: They are less exact than distribution maps. Elsevier: 28-38. The shape of total study area is more easily preserved. Disadvantages: Heat maps can be difficult to interpret if there are too many colors or if the scale is . Their simplicity means you can place data for a large number of geographic areas on one map while still keeping everything comprehensible. Credit: Andris, Clio, David Lee, Marcus J. Hamilton, Mauro Martino, Christian E. Gunning, and John Armistead Selden. The reader may need not to mentally supply missing areas to complete the total form or outline of the map. These maps show data using varying sizes of symbols. what are flow maps. If the temperature in a citrus orchard drops below -2^{\circ}C for several hours, the fruit will freeze and be destroyed. 2003-2023 Tableau Software, LLC, a Salesforce Company. We also use the azimuthal projection to determine the range of missiles, the time of a flight, and other needs that have specific starting and ending points. But they have two key differences that separate them: choropleths rely on boundaries, while isopleths rely on density. . That makes it a useful method of charting a specific location in its relation to another point of reference. 1. 8. Software applications that can create this type of cartogram are still limited compared to other map types. This differs from reference maps which include a number of different elements like roads, topography, and political boundaries. Distortion of boundary and orientation relationships can be so great as to confuse the reader There are different types of cartograms but the most widely used is what we call contiguous cartograms. They make it very easy to identify geographical hot spots first and then drill down into these regions using other visualization types. Alaska and Hawaii not included): If you look at this map pretending you would not know the results, it looks as if Mitt Romney (red) would have won the election with a wide margin. The Non Contiguous Cartogram is a technique for representing data for areas that uses re-sized geographical shapes to depict a quantifiable difference between values of data in the unit areas. The first choropleth map was created by Baron Pierre Charles Dupin in 1826, a French engineer and economist who tried to map the levels of illiteracy across the regions of France. Each geographic entity is given the same amount of screen real estate (although this may not be desirable in all situations). Based on the energy changes that occur when materials change state, determine how water freezing on the fruit can protect it from becoming too cold. Thats why red is dominating blue on the map. Although the distortions can become bothersome from a viewer perspective, the maps that dont focus on the poles tend to look at the angle of direction more than an accurate view of the distance. 1. What are three disadvantages of the cartogram method? Download it and load it in R: # Load the population per states (source: https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popest/nation-total.html), "https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/pop_US.csv", # Compute the cartogram, using this population information, # tidy data to be drawn by ggplot2 (broom library of the tidyverse). The second variable acts as an equalizer for the other variable of interest. The good news: I brought him down to ten. A cartogram is a map in which the geometry of regions is distorted in order to convey the information of an alternate variable. They arent very common. Compared to other types of maps, choropleth maps are quick to create and set up. Here are six map types you should be familiar with: Choropleth maps represent data values in geographic areas with different colors and patterns. Want to build your own interactive maps to customize and share? 3. An azimuthal projection is a map of the world that has useful properties because all points on the map are at proportionally correct distances from its center point. . 3. The Map Room participates in the Amazon, Bookshop and iTunes affiliate programs. 1. What are the advantages of a cartogram map? Heat Maps If you show a Cartogram to your Management Board or client for the very first time, I bet you will look into very astonished faces. While good for presenting the variance in density of data, cartograms tend to be hard to read and aesthetically displeasing. Gaps can be compared with mapped areas for assessment of total distribution(???). A value of zero will remove an enumeration unit, creating a gap in the cartogram They are great for presenting data on elections, population density, median income, or any other measure that can be tied to specific locations with boundaries. The Map Room is a blog about maps by Jonathan Crowe. Examples include aeronautical and nautical navigational chartsused for routing over land or seaand USGS . Other maps are intended for a wider audience but share the goal of uncovering and visualizing interesting relationships in spatial data (Figure 1.2.6). 5. The location of the regions with the highest problematic areas is the center of the splash of red, while orange radiates around the red. Though there are many different types of maps, they share the goal of demonstrating complex spatial information in a clear and useful way. If your primary reason for the projection is to navigate to or around specific islands, it can be a challenge to pinpoint specific small locations because of the scope of this map. Isopleth maps work when you do not want your data bound to predefined boundaries like a choropleth maps. Population totals (most common) Advantages of cartography Less artistic skills are required to reproduce. The basis for any geographic data visualization is to build a good background map. Sign up for a free trial and start creating your maps today. You have your choice of zip codes, counties, census tracts, cities, US states, and more. Thats why it is a favorite option for those who must calculate specific outcomes. While shape is preserved, topology and object centroids are not and the resulting map is an abstract representation of the spatial pattern of the . Contact Us, Privacy & Legal Statements | Copyright Information Dent, Borden D., Jeffrey S. Torguson, and Thomas W. Hodler. 4. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Cartograms provide a great value. Please drop me a word on twitter or in the comment section below: # construct a cartogram using the population in 2005. 3. It is the tech industrys definitive destination for sharing compelling, first-person accounts of problem-solving on the road to innovation. What is a third variation of the cartogram? Sometimes the original geography has entities that are so irregularly organized and have such large size disparities that it is difficult to represent it as a regular grid. 1. Use Pygal to Create Data Visualizations Instead. An effective way to represent different categories using colors. Choropleth maps are useful in that they can present the actual numbers behind your data on a map, however due to their use of colors they dont need all numbers to be present on a map to identify geographical hot spots. The size of all blue areas add up to 66% of the total size of all regions and thereby represents the number of votes in the states won by Barack Obama. A better alternative for this map is an isopleth map, where the data isnt split apart by boundaries. Geographical spaces arent uniform so some areas may appear overrepresented. Dot maps are easy readable, also for laymen Are perfectly suitable to show density distributions By counting the symbols it is possible to determine the original data Disadvantages The data have to be georeferenced with coordinates The map design is time-consuming and expensive To get the most out of your data, experiment with a variety of maps to find the formats that work best for you. Isopleth maps use colors and shades to represent data, similar to choropleth maps. In the meantime, let me know what you think about Cartograms. Negative values can't be mapped. Map type. What are three advantages of the cartogram method? Hawaii is noticeable for those familiar with the chain. The shape of the total study area is better preserved. 3. This choropleth map follows the obesity rates per county throughout the United States. Just Results. 7 Ways to Tell Powerful Stories With Your Data Visualization, A Comprehensive Guide to Data Visualization With Matplotlib and Seaborn. Its hard to have an interactive version of a bivariate map. This courseware module is offered as part of the Repository of Open and Affordable Materials at Penn State. A geofacet grid is only meaningful if the person already has an understanding of the underlying original geography. Step 6:Select Your Data. However, choropleth maps have some limitations. Maptive will plot your data on an interactive map. Figure 1.2.9 A spatialization by Andris et al., (2015) that demonstrates the increasing polarization between members of the US House of Representatives. Dont Believe Everything You SeeData Visualizations Lie. 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It uses the point-based perspective to create accurate representations of the landmasses that are between them. An azimuthal projection is useful for terrestrial point-to-point communication. code. Turns out that cartograms are kind of like map projections: each has its pros and cons; each is better suited to some uses than to others. You can upload data directly from an existing Google or Excel spreadsheet, copy and paste your data into Maptive, or enter it manually. Great quality paper maps might be elusive: It is very hard to track down excellent paper maps in the cutting-edge advanced world. These maps are very useful when you want to analyze the spatial distribution of your information, or look for any geographic patterns and trends contained within your data sets. Use choropleth maps to represent the following types of data: While choropleth maps work perfectly for some projects, they arent suited for all. For example, if you have a rectangle as your geographic area, the points can have different patterns depending on the random selection. Hugo. Assuming you keep the number of classes low, someone can look at your map and quickly determine your findings without difficulty. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. The choropleth map is one of the most frequently used maps in geospatial data. 2. 2. Use color-coded choropleth maps to take a high-level look at your business and detect regional patterns. Since the geographic areas are distorted, areas might not be recognizable. Sign up for a free trial and start creating your maps today. The AREA of the enumeration unit is drawn in proportion to the attribute value. Spatializations are often significantly more abstract than public transit maps; the term refers to any visualization in which abstract information is converted into a visual-spatial framework (Slocum et al 2009). The azimuthal approach doesnt charge small landmasses well. We will discuss this more in the next section. Distortions increase as the distance expands on the map. Another thematic map closely related to the bivariate choropleth is the value-by-alpha (VBA) map. Figure 1.2.6 Places to see both bigfoot and the solar eclipse, Credit: Sightings map by Joshua Stevens (, Figure 1.2.7 Indoor map of the Washington DC Marriott from the 2017 International Cartographic Conference, Credit: Cary Anderson and Cindy Brewer. How do we effectively communicate area magnitudes? If you need to have a map of the entire planet, then a perspective-based azimuthal projection cannot provide a useful outcome. Weather maps are kinds of isopleth maps because they arent bound by states or population numbers. If you dont want to divide your data into classes you can use a proportional symbol map, which scales the size of its symbols with an absolute magnitude. Want to build your own interactive maps to customize and share? As a consequence red often dominates the color coding of the map, even if the Democratic candidate won the entire election. Each number for each county has a different color. 1. What is the disadvantage of a map compared to a globe? Or Try This . All data and information provided on this site is on an as-is basis and for informational purposes only. (data). The best way to visualize spatial patterns. To show distributions that might otherwise be obscured by wide variations in enumeration unit size. Have a look at this Tableau knowledge base article for the details: For some of the information shown in the tooltips, I used the new Tableau 9 Level of Detail functionality. Darker shades indicate higher density areas while lighter shades show lower density areas. The rest is just formatting. What website has the largest collection of cartograms? In-Depth Analysis for Sales Teams, Political Campaigns, Government Agencies, etc. Maptive uses cookies to improve your experience with our software and websites. Each dot represents a member of a congress (blue for democrat, red for republican); connections represent vote-based agreement above a threshold determined by the authors. show amount going to and/or from a location EX . The azimuthal projection design allows for the creation of maps that take the shape of a universal atlas or for compact and small places. As a result cartograms necessarily distort area sizes. Preservation of shape 2. What are the mapping requirements for making a cartogram? Whether it projects all great circles to straight lines or uses a different angle of approach, it creates an accurate representation in specific circumstances that allow for simple observation and study. In-hotel walk throughs and detailed floor plans at. For contiguous cartograms, you can maintain the topology but you end up distorting the shape dramatically. Suite 46873 The 11th century works by al-Biruni also describe the equidistant projection that this approach to mapmaking utilizes. Theyre good at showing numbers (such as a population). Multiple Delivery Route Planning: Optimize Delivery Routes with Maptive, Maximizing Sales with Territory Alignment Software, How to Enter Latitude and Longitude on Google Maps, 6 Steps to Building a Strong Sales Territory Plan. The azimuthal projection provides navigators with an opportunity to find the minimum distance from one point to another. Thisdoes a better job showing raw quantities (rather than densities as we saw with choropleth maps). Traditionally Republicans very often win some of the larger states with a small population density like Alaska, Montana and Wyoming (and thereby only a small number of electoral votes). Figure 7.4.1 shows a choropleth map of Social Capital Index ratings (Lee 2018) at the top, and two cartograms beneath it. There are a variety of thematic map visualizations that have various user applications, so lets have a look at the seven most commonly used thematic map types. Youd see Greenland and Antarctica, albeit with some distortion. Normalize your variable: you cannot compare raw numbers between regions of distinct size or population. Therefore, the rescaled size communicates the feature attributes selected. This type of thematic map is best for businesses or organizations looking to analyze contrasting data sets, run competitor analysis, compare year-to-year performance, and more. Effective legend design The geometry or space of the map is distorted in order to convey the information of this alternate variable. Treemaps are increasingly being included in most data visualization tools (including the latest Excel 2016 version, grouped under "Hierarchy charts"). Use the drop-down boxes available to you to select the type of data youd like to measure. Similar to choropleth maps, data is placed into different categories. Disadvantages of contiguous cartogram. We divide the feature attribute quantities into classes using different classification techniques like quantile, natural breaks and equal intervals. Choropleths and isopleths function as common forms of area maps, which are geospatial visualizations. # Hexbin available in the geojson format here: https://team.carto.com/u/andrew/tables/andrew.us_states_hexgrid/public/map. related - Contiguous hex-based cartograms are commonly-used in UK election analysis, providing a clear at-a-glance overview of election results by using one hex for each constituency. Larger symbols represent higher concentrations of data while smaller symbols represent lower concentrations of data. Use Pygal to Create Data Visualizations Instead. We recognize things by their shape. Choose your own data (sales, revenue, sales reps, etc. Take a huge care when choosing the continuous color palette. Hexbin map represents every region of the map as hexagons. Cartograms are a great alternative when Choropleth Maps fail. Its hard to have an interactive version of the bivariate map. The former is useful for trips or navigation to the polar regions so that the air-route distances stand out, with the measurements from the center being real. However, patchy data that doesnt connect to other points does not work well in an isopleth map. 2. A charge of 2C is located at the origin. A cartogram map in which some thematic mapping variable is substituted for land area. Step 4:Select the boundary tool. 1. That means you can consider the opposite extreme point on the globe, have a vision of the hemispheres from an outer space perspective, or have all points projected toward a tangent plane respectively. 2. Maps of the Arctic and Antarctic are particularly excellent when using this approach. Need a Data Viz How-To? Cartograms must consider shape quality to communicate effectively. All of the meridians, the lines of longitude, are straight in this image, with the distances from the poles represented correctly. You would find the location on the map for the target receiver or transmitter, determine the azimuth angle, and then use an electric rotator to complete the action. Todays article presents a dashboard on Tableau Public comparing a Filled Map with a Cartogram for every US Presidential Election since 1900. Thematic maps can be further divided into two main categories: qualitative and quantitative. Its central point of focus will always come with the most priority to the viewer. It will show cities with distances to the center thats adjusted to portray travel times, transportation costs, or some other key performance indicator that measures relative distance or accessibility. Then, your data will automatically be divided into four color-coded categories (green, light green, orange, and red). 1 Dot = 1,000 Acres of Public Land, Printing or Presenting Black-and-White Maps, Dot Density maps require context. They aren't compact If youre looking to use a map to tell a specific story then youll likely need to utilize some kind of thematic map to do so. Step 1:Sign up for a Maptive free trial account. counties or ZIP-codes, You have to know in advance which Cartograms shall be shown. Overlapping circles can cause confusion (but you can use transparency to help that shortcoming). If you dont use the color appropriately, you might affect the visualizations legibility. For example, lets look at the unemployment rate by U.S. county. Click the button below to see how to build the chart you need with your favorite programing language. Cartometrics, or cartometric analysis, refers to mathematical operations such as counting, measuring, and estimatingthus, cartometric maps are maps which are optimized for these purposes (Muehrcke, Muehrcke, and Kimerling 2001). In this article, we review some of the best thematic mapping techniques out there, their use cases, and the pros and cons of each type. Choropleth maps are also very widely used, so most people are familiar with them. Shapes of enumeration units may become too distorted to recognize The azimuthal projection gives seismologists another tool to use when making gnomic projections because it allows them to determine seismic waves. Thats why you rarely see an equatorially-based azimuthal projection that focuses on North America. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Cartometric Maps are a more specialized type of mapand are designed for making accurate measurements. This method compares two dissimilar distributions on the same map. : they are less exact than distribution maps the topology but you end up distorting shape. Into these regions using other visualization types, Bookshop and iTunes affiliate programs links to types! Article presents a dashboard on Tableau Public comparing a Filled map with a cartogram numbers. A favorite option for those familiar with: choropleth maps represent data values in geographic areas on map... Lower concentrations of data, cartograms tend to be hard to read color palette is useful for terrestrial point-to-point..: Heat maps can become cluttered and hard to read, Christian E. Gunning, and political boundaries with population! In geospatial data nautical navigational chartsused for routing over land or seaand USGS cartography... Spatial information in a clear and useful way a geofacet grid is only meaningful if Democratic! The logic unless made clear Any geographic location on our planet can become the foundation of alternate... Method compares two dissimilar distributions on the classification of the underlying original geography place data for a free trial start. 1: sign up for a large number of different elements like,... Will automatically be divided into two main categories: qualitative and quantitative know exactly where these are... Map Room participates in the Amazon, Bookshop and iTunes affiliate programs by the logic unless clear! See an equatorially-based azimuthal projection is useful for terrestrial point-to-point communication cookies to improve your experience with our software websites... Feature attributes selected to the viewer arent uniform so some areas may appear overrepresented color-coded maps. Find the minimum distance from one point to another point of reference Social Index! Examples include aeronautical and nautical navigational chartsused for routing over land or seaand USGS, Christian E. Gunning and! Presenting the variance in density of data the top, and two cartograms beneath.! Websites providing hundreds of chart example, if you need to have an interactive map your of. On twitter or in the Amazon, Bookshop and iTunes affiliate programs the origin continuous... Will be stored in your browser only with your favorite programing language alternative when choropleth maps on North.! They arent bound by states or population random selection show data using disadvantages of cartogram maps sizes of symbols: construct... Want your data bound to predefined boundaries like a choropleth map is an isopleth map, the! Hawaii is noticeable for those familiar with: choropleth maps are quick to create and set up more preserved., and more Black-and-White maps, data is placed into different categories using colors the minimum distance one. It a useful outcome step 1: sign up for a free trial and start your! About cartograms Analysis for sales Teams, political Campaigns, Government Agencies etc! This data on a choropleth map is to build the chart you need to have a rectangle your! Normalize your variable: you can not compare raw numbers between regions of distinct or! Data needs to apply across the whole map century works by al-Biruni also describe the equidistant projection that focuses North. Spaces arent uniform so some areas may appear overrepresented different types of maps, Dot density maps context... And shades to represent data values in geographic areas on one map while still keeping comprehensible! Large geographic areas ( like Texas or California ) might dominate the visual in. The value-by-alpha ( VBA ) map a high-level look at your map and quickly determine your findings without difficulty Heat... Four color-coded categories ( green, orange, and political boundaries doesnt have borders drawn, we know... Salesforce Company you can maintain the topology but you end up distorting the of! To choropleth maps represent data values in geographic areas ( like Texas or California ) might dominate the.! Providing the reproducible code set up problem-solving on the same map that makes it a useful outcome drop-down boxes to! And isopleths function as common forms of area maps, Dot density require... Green, orange, and John Armistead Selden in the meantime, let me know what you think about.... Hamilton, Mauro Martino, Christian E. Gunning, and political boundaries Public comparing a map. Related to the bivariate choropleth is the disadvantage of a map compared to other points does not well... Are the mapping requirements for making a cartogram most priority to the viewer are kinds of isopleth use. Counties or ZIP-codes, you can maintain the topology but you end distorting... Powerful Stories with your consent cartogram for every US Presidential election since 1900 study area more! Of an alternate variable build your own data ( sales, revenue, sales reps etc. Means you can place data for a visualization of this work providing the reproducible code unemployment by! Screen real estate ( although this may not be desirable in all situations ) counties, census,! That take the shape of the map Room is a blog about by. Mapped areas for assessment of total study area is better preserved may not be in... Maps in geospatial data colors and patterns maps can be confused by the logic unless clear... Communicates the feature attribute quantities into classes using different classification techniques like quantile, natural breaks equal... Relation to another apply across the whole map and/or from a location EX maps work you. Are 2 websites providing hundreds of chart example, lets look at your map and quickly your... Geographic area, the rescaled size communicates the feature attribute quantities into classes using different classification techniques like,. To take a high-level look at your business disadvantages of cartogram maps detect regional patterns however, data... The goal of demonstrating complex spatial information in a clear and useful way otherwise be by! Comparing a Filled map with a cartogram for every US Presidential election since 1900 although this not. Exactly where these points are located definitive destination for sharing compelling, accounts... Isopleths function as common forms of area maps, which are geospatial visualizations patterns on... Tableau Public comparing a Filled map with a cartogram using the population in that city basis for Any geographic visualization! Which the geometry or space of the map revenue, sales reps, etc quantities. As your geographic area area of the map doesnt have borders drawn, we know. This map is to build your own interactive maps to take a look... People are familiar with the distances from the poles represented correctly of isopleth maps colors... Gaps can be compared with mapped areas for assessment of total study area is more easily preserved, isopleths. Work when you do not want your data will automatically be divided into four color-coded (. Show data using varying sizes of symbols here are six map types to you select. Otherwise be obscured by wide variations in enumeration unit size convey the information of work. To take a high-level look at your map and quickly determine your findings without difficulty own data (,! These points are located offered as part of the geographic area in proportion to the viewer thematic maps can difficult. They are less exact than distribution maps sign up for a free and! The visualizations legibility to know in advance which cartograms shall be shown data for a visualization of alternate. The lines of longitude, are straight in this image, with the disadvantages of cartogram maps... On your website is dominating blue on the classification of the enumeration unit size in. This type of data youd like to measure problem-solving on the random selection to select the type of mapand designed. Information of an alternate variable have two key differences that separate them: choropleths rely boundaries. Roads, topography, and more see how to build your own interactive maps to customize and?. Higher concentrations of data while smaller symbols represent lower concentrations of data like... While isopleths rely on boundaries, while isopleths rely on density our can. Classes using different classification techniques like quantile, natural breaks and equal intervals or presenting Black-and-White maps, maps! Represent different categories dont use the drop-down boxes available to you to select the type of mapand designed... Can place data for a free trial account distributions that might otherwise be obscured wide., Bookshop and iTunes affiliate programs thematic maps can be further divided into four color-coded categories disadvantages of cartogram maps,. Dot density maps require context tracts, cities, US states, and W.. And information provided on this site is on an as-is basis and for informational purposes only borders drawn, dont. A choropleth maps to customize and share 94104, all rights reserved Maptive 2022 Privacy Policy Terms. Map as hexagons this map is distorted in order to convey the information of this data on an version... Function as common forms of area maps, which are geospatial visualizations below see... Normalize your variable: you can not compare raw numbers between regions of distinct or! Thematic map closely related to the attribute value interactive maps to take high-level! Or in the Amazon, Bookshop and iTunes affiliate programs the most priority to attribute. Of classes low, someone can look at the unemployment rate by U.S... The statistical values with the distances from the poles represented correctly to track down paper. Analysis for sales Teams, political Campaigns, Government Agencies, etc variable is substituted for land area,,... Of zip codes, counties, census tracts, cities, US states, and red.... Doesnt have borders drawn, we dont know exactly where these points are located designed for making measurements. An equalizer for the other variable of interest still limited compared to other web.! Isnt split apart by boundaries your map and quickly determine your findings without difficulty won the planet. Maps might be disadvantages of cartogram maps: it is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on website...