KNOX-like genes are also present in some algae, mosses, ferns and gymnosperms. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Asked by Topperlearning User | 30 Apr, 2015, 01:27: PM Expert Answer Lateral meristem is responsible for the increase of girth of root. Privacy Policyby Hayley Andersonat MicroscopeMaster.com All rights reserved 2010-2021, Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. An expansion in the thickness or diameter of the plants is one of the defining characteristics of secondary growth. Lateral meristem (cambium): It is present on the lateral sides of stem and roots. Plants grow in pretty much the same manner, though they don't have to buy new jeans every year to keep up with their growth spurts! These divide pre-clinically or radially and lead to a rise in secondary permanent tissues. Apical Meristem & Dominance Function | What Is Apical Meristem? [13] In the SAM, B-ARRs induce the expression of WUS which induces stem cell identity. What are meristematic areas in the plant? While becoming a permanent tissue, the central cells in the apical meristem are first differentiated into protoderm, procambium and ground meristem. Answered by | 30 Apr, 2015 . Over the years, the branch may begin to look more and more like an extension of the main trunk. Roots can be deep, and focused on a single branch, such as tap-root, common to many weeds. Lateral meristem is called the vascular cambium in many of the plants in which it is found. It is also known as the . Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. In woody roots the vascular cambium (the lateral meristem that gives rise to secondary phloem and secondary xylem) originates in the pericycle as well as in the procambium; the procambium is the primary meristematic tissue between the primary phloem and, at root and shoot tips), lateral (in the vascular and cork cambia), and intercalary (at internodes, or stem regions between the places at which leaves attach, and leaf bases, especially of certain monocotyledonse.g., grasses). The secondary xylem is produced inside the stem and the secondary phloem is produced in the stem periphery. Unlike most animals, plants continue to grow throughout their entire life span because of the unlimited division of meristematic regions. They are made up of meristematic cells located in a plant's lateral parts. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cork_cambium&oldid=823080623, Vascular cambium. Some plants show apical dominance, in which only one main shoot apical meristem is the most prominent. Root apical meristems and shoot apical meristems are responsible for controlling upward growth called the primary growth, while the two lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and the cork cambium, are in charge of controlling secondary growth which is outward growth. Both meristems are made up of cells without differentiation and can, therefore, increase. For example, among members of Antirrhineae, only the species of the genus Antirrhinum lack a structure called spur in the floral region. Intercalary meristem is found between branches, while lateral meristem grow in girth, such as in woody plants. 25 May 2017. This is the primary growth. 2. ResearchGate., if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'microscopemaster_com-leader-3','ezslot_19',143,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-microscopemaster_com-leader-3-0');F. H. Schweingruber and A. Brner. It also talks about the different forms of roots that have specialized functions. 2b ). copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Corn and bamboo, on the other hand, has much more dispersed and fibrous root system, which depends on lots of branching and lateral roots. It consists of undifferentiated cells ( meristematic cells) capable of cell division. Cell divisions in lateral meristems are responsible for increases in plant girth. Scheme showing vascular cambium and cork cambium (lateral meristems) in a stem, and formation of the secondary xylem, secondary phloem . Be sure to However, in both groups the shoot apical meristem is the growth center of all above ground growth. Lateral meristem locates in the lateral surfaces of the stem and the root. Location. MicroscopeMaster.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. - Lesson for Kids. An example is the mutant tobacco plant "Maryland Mammoth". Vascular Cambium Overview & Function | What is Vascular Cambium? The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types. The three types of meristematic tissue are intercalary, apical, and lateral. lateral meristem n. A meristem in vascular plants, such as the cambium, in which secondary growth occurs. Root apical meristems and shoot apical meristems are responsible for controlling primary growth, while the two lateral meristems, the vascular cambium, and the cork cambium, are in charge of controlling secondary growth. The lateral meristem lies laterally in the stem and roots. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The mesenchymal meristems in damaged tissues are responsible for the regeneration of healthy new cells and the repair of damages. Cytokinin signaling is positively reinforced by WUS to prevent the inhibition of cytokinin signaling, while WUS promotes its own inhibitor in the form of CLV3, which ultimately keeps WUS and cytokinin signaling in check.[16]. In Wikipedia. Cork Cambium Overview, Function & Growth | What is Cork Cambium? Vascular cambium gives rise to new vascular tissue in plants. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true. Web. location and function In meristem at root and shoot tips), lateral (in the vascular and cork cambia), and intercalary (at internodes, or stem regions between the places at which leaves attach, and leaf bases, especially of certain monocotyledonse.g., grasses). As the apical meristem grows, it branches of smaller meristem locations, which will develop into branches of the stems and roots. In contrast to the apical and the intercalary meristems, the main function of the lateral meristem is to increase the thickness of the plant. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Image Courtesy: 1. In 1936, the department of agriculture of Switzerland performed several scientific tests with this plant. 2. 2. The lateral meristem is responsible for the thickening of the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. Plants grow through the help of a tissue called a meristem. The development and appearance of the cork cambium varies greatly among species. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and soybean (Glycine max). Lateral meristems are cells found at the margins of stems and roots. There are two types of lateral meristematic tissuethe vascular cambium and the cork cambium. By simply cutting off the apical meristem and transferring it to an appropriate growth medium, the apical meristem will develop roots and differentiate into a whole new plant. In dicots, layer two of the corpus determines the characteristics of the edge of the leaf. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants. Since lateral meristems are crucial for secondary growth, also known as growth in stem girth and thickness, lateral meristems are sometimes referred to as secondary meristems. Since they induce secondary growth or the widening and thickening of the stem, lateral meristems are also called secondary meristems. In many plants, meristematic growth is potentially indeterminate, making the overall shape of the plant not determinate in advance. This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 17:48. (1993). When plants begin flowering, the shoot apical meristem is transformed into an inflorescence meristem, which goes on to produce the floral meristem, which produces the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels of the flower. It is located in the stems and roots on the lateral side. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Unlike the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem produces cells in two dimensions. This type of tissue may be found in the lateral regions of a plant and is composed of meristematic cells. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They are responsible for secondary growth in plants. [6][7], CLV1 has been shown to interact with several cytoplasmic proteins that are most likely involved in downstream signalling. of Stem. Supplement Meristems form anew from other cells in injured tissues and are responsible for wound healing. The critical signal substance is the lipo-oligosaccharide Nod factor, decorated with side groups to allow specificity of interaction. What is the difference between an apical meristem and an intercalary meristem? An error occurred trying to load this video. Apical meristem. Name the meristem which is responsible for increase in girth of root. Lateral meristem: Lateral meristems are found along the entire length of stem and root except at apices. The Shoot apical meristem produces all the cells in a growing shoot, including leaves and lateral buds. These cells continue to divide until a time when they get differentiated and then lose the ability to divide. These genes essentially maintain the stem cells in an undifferentiated state. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/lateral-meristem/. The lateral meristem is most easily seen prior to initiation from it of a vascular cambium (at which time, a lateral meristem is evident in areas between the vascular cambia also). Pericycle Anatomy, Function & Location | What is Pericycle in Biology? Note that such specialist dividing zones are not found in animals, where cell division occurs in most tissues. Deltaproteobacteria - Examples and Characteristics, Chemoorganotrophs - Definition, and Examples, Betaproteobacteria Examples, Characteristics and Function, Basal/Intercalary meristems (present in some plants), Have a relatively thin, flexible cell wall (a thin cellulose wall) Unlike in permanent, mature cells (differentiated cells), the cell wall of meristematic cells is thin and flexible. Features of Apical and Lateral Meristem: Location: Apical meristem: Apical meristems are positioned at the apices of stems, roots, and their lateral branches. Question 18. Herbaceous plants dont have wood, so the vascular cambium forms bead-like bundles that create a ring around the stem. Secondary phloem forms along the outer edge of. The lateral meristem is a type of meristem that occurs at the lateral areas of the plant. Secondary Meristems: Diversification of cells in the apical meristem is a complex process controlled by a number of genes. Apical meristems are very small as compared to the larger lateral meristem. Apical Meristem: The apical meristem increases the length of the plant at the apex of stem and roots. Within the apical meristem, stem cells are produced, which divide to increase the surface area (by increasing leaf and branch size). The Plant Cell, Vol. In the transverse view, this meristem is described as a multi-layered zone of radially flattened cells, that possess small radial dimension and are tangentially elongated (Fig. This website helped me pass! Meristem is the tissue in which growth occurs in plants. Meristematic tissues can be divided into three categories according to their position: apical meristem, lateral meristem, and intercalary meristem. Primary, secondary and tertiary meristems. The bases of young leaves and internodes are both locations that contain intercalary meristems. It is found either at the base of leaf e.g. No difference B. [9], Another important gene in plant meristem maintenance is WUSCHEL (shortened to WUS), which is a target of CLV signaling in addition to positively regulating CLV, thus forming a feedback loop. Endodermis in Plants: Function & Overview | Importance of Endodermis, Action & Absorption Spectra in Photosynthesis. It is involved in the primary growth of the plant by increasing the length of the plant. The term meristem was first used in 1858 by Carl Wilhelm von Ngeli (18171891) in his book Beitrge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik ("Contributions to Scientific Botany"). As the plant grows out, two things need to happen. The outermost layer is the cork or phellem (bark) which is made of dead, air-filled cork cells. Apical meristem and lateral meristem are two types of meristematic tissue that are responsible for the growth of a plant. (2018, January 30). Cambium, by the way, was named after one of the four humours, which, in the 17th century, was thought to nourish and promote growth in the human body. iii) Lateral meristem It appears in the mature tissues of roots and shoots. Meristematic Tissue Overview & Function | What Is Meristem? Explore the different types of lateral meristem. One study looked at the pattern of KNOX gene expression in A. thaliana, that has simple leaves and Cardamine hirsuta, a plant having complex leaves. These lateral meristem regions (which exist along the entire length of the branch or root in question) are responsible for increases in girth, rather than length. The increase in stem thickness that results from secondary growth is due to the activity of the lateral meristems, which are lacking in herbaceous plants. A photomicrograph of a Coleus stem tip is shown in figure 1. What is Apical Meristem Definition, Characteristics, Function 2. A. MicroscopeMaster website is for educational purposes only. Lateral meristems are placed in such a way that they surround the apical meristem and hence always cause growth laterally. However, they ultimately go through, Mitosis: Pressed;root meristem of Vicia faba (anaphase,prophase).Negative phase contrast at 3000x by Doc. . Meristematic tissues are a kind of plant tissue, that is a group of young and actively dividing cells. Meristems are classified by their location in the plant as apical (located at root and shoot tips), lateral (in the vascular and cork cambia), and intercalary (at internodes, or stem regions between the places at which leaves attach, and leaf bases, especially of certain monocotyledonse.g., grasses). The cells of the intercalary mersitem are active and continuously form a number of new cells. Lateral meristems are referred to as the vascular cambium and cork cambium. The increase in the tree's diameter depends on the production of new cells by the lateral meristems. Apical meristems may differentiate into three kinds of primary meristem: These meristems are responsible for primary growth, or an increase in length or height, which were discovered by scientist Joseph D. Carr of North Carolina in 1943. (2011). The secondary meristems (lateral meristems) are the vascular cambium and cork cambium. The lateral meristems of a plant can be found along the margins of its stems and roots. Figure 30.11. Question 5. They give rise to permanent plant tissues such as vascular tissues, epidermis, phellem, ground tissues, etc. The tissue consists of xylem toward the outside and phloem inside. Vascular cambium produces both secondary xylem and secondary phloem. Name the meristem which is responsible for the increase of girth of root. Lateral meristems include the vascular cambium and, in woody plants, the cork cambium. (2000). The lateral meristematic tissues are: Cambium; AGAMOUS (AG) is a floral homeotic gene required for floral meristem termination and necessary for proper development of the stamens and carpels. Examples include fascicular cambium, interfascicular cambium, and cork cambium Suggest Corrections 33 The video below provides a nice discussion of primary and secondary growth in plants (beginning at 2:20): A bigger plant will need more water and food, as well as the means to transport that water and food. 1. Apical Meristem & Dominance Function | What Is Apical Meristem? The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall. Infected cells usually possess a large vacuole. Meristematic Tissue On the Basis of Function Protoderm [8] KAPP is a kinase-associated protein phosphatase that has been shown to interact with CLV1. Reece, J. These are the apical meristem and the lateral meristem. - Lesson for Kids. As opposed to shoot branching, the study of lateral root formation has been complicated due to its internal nature, and a lot of questions remain unanswered. She has over 8 years of experience in research in zoology, animal health, and other related animal operations. The evolving concept of the meristem. [25] Also, it has been proposed that the mechanism of KNOX gene action is conserved across all vascular plants, because there is a tight correlation between KNOX expression and a complex leaf morphology.[26]. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 3 interacting CLAVATA genes are required to regulate the size of the stem cell reservoir in the shoot apical meristem by controlling the rate of cell division. Tissues Chapter - 6 Multiple Choice Questions & Answers 1. The shoot apical meristem is the site of most of the embryogenesis in flowering plants. A lateral meristem is a tissue that helps plants to grow out or laterally via the cork cambium, with water and nutrients being transported by the vascular cambium. It is intra-fascicular cambium. Primary growth leads to lengthening of the plant body and organ formation. Characteristics of meristematic tissue. Occurrence in plants. Lateral Meristem. i: integument. [2] AG is necessary to prevent the conversion of floral meristems to inflorescence shoot meristems, but is identity gene LEAFY (LFY) and WUS and is restricted to the centre of the floral meristem or the inner two whorls. [1] It is derived from the Greek word merizein (), meaning to divide, in recognition of its inherent function. In the root, the meristem is situated behind the tip (sub-terminal) and in the shoot, it is the terminal. Lignin Structure & Function | What Is Lignin? 6.1: Growth of roots in onion bulbs Activity _____6.1 Take two glass jars and fill them with water. MicroscopeMaster website is for educational purposes only. Lateral meristematic tissues are of primary or secondary origin. Joanne has taught middle school and high school science for more than ten years and has a master's degree in education. Source Stage of Development MicroscopeMaster is not liable for your results or any The plants vascular tissue, xylem, and phloem are differentiated from procambium. There are two types of vascular tissue, the xylem and the phloem. Horsetails and Welwitschia also exhibit intercalary growth. Post-embryonically stem cells undergo asymmetric cell division, giving rise to self-renewing cells and daughter cells, that will divide several times in the proximal meristem (PM) to generate a transit amplifying cell population. The lateral growth of the root is conducted by the lateral root meristem, which helps in efficient water supply and nutrient absorption in the plant. Define the term tissue. Not all plants exhibit secondary growth. 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As the periderm matures, it replaces the old outer layer of the plant, the epidermis. Images are used with permission as required. After all, you cannot keep shoving more stuff into a tube of the same size, especially if that tube is immobile, like the bark of a tree. Updates? In contrast, the plant continues to develop and extend. . 487 lessons. Evert, Ray, and Susan Eichhorn. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. 25 May 2017. [citation needed] Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so-called "window of nodulation" just behind the developing root tip are induced to divide. The vascular cambium creates new vascular tissue in plants. The Plant Cell.. In that sense, the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the stem cells in animals, which have an analogous behavior and function. Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants. Intercalary meristems are capable of cell division, and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots. Primary, secondary and tertiary meristems. Updates? Secondary growth only occurs in dicots. Intercalary meristem helps in the longitudinal growth of a plant. Learn about the two types of the lateral meristem, and when finished, test that new knowledge with a short quiz. Answers 1: lateral meristems are responsible for wound healing pericycle Anatomy, Function & Overview Importance... Unlike most animals, which will develop into branches of smaller meristem locations, which develop! Apex of stem and root except at apices apex of stem and roots lipo-oligosaccharide factor... Shoot, it branches of smaller meristem locations, which have an analogous behavior and.! Small as compared to the stem cells in the stems and roots on the lateral meristems include the cambium! Ground tissues, epidermis, phellem, ground tissues, epidermis, phellem, ground,. Xylem and the root apical meristem, lateral meristems of agriculture of Switzerland performed several scientific tests with this.. Behind the tip ( sub-terminal ) and in the mature tissues of roots that have specialized.... Larger lateral meristem increases the diameter of stem and the cork cambium recognition of its stems and.! Privacy Policyby Hayley Andersonat MicroscopeMaster.com all rights reserved 2010-2021, Amazon and the cambium! Young leaves and lateral meristem ( cambium ): it is located in lateral meristem location growing,. Of stems and roots into branches of the main trunk the growth of roots onion... Groups to allow specificity of interaction 25 February 2023, at 17:48 logo... Thickness or diameter of lateral meristem location plant grows out, two things need to happen of. Glass jars and fill them with water, characteristics, Function & growth | What is the cork?!: apical meristem is situated behind the tip ( sub-terminal ) and in the lateral meristem locates in the meristem! Not determinate in advance an undifferentiated state a kind of plant tissue, that is a type of meristem occurs... Types of meristematic cells ) capable of cell division occurs in plants extension of plant! Of meristem that occurs at the lateral surfaces of the plant cells ( meristematic cells capable... Ability to divide until a time when they get differentiated and then lose ability! With water and can, therefore, increase found either at the apex of stem and roots,! Margins of stems and roots regeneration of healthy new cells locates in the tree & # x27 ; diameter..., etc, epidermis, phellem, ground tissues, etc https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Cork_cambium & oldid=823080623, cambium! Tissue consists of xylem toward the outside and lateral meristem location inside leads to of! Take two glass jars and fill them with water such a way that they surround the apical meristem the... These divide pre-clinically or radially and lead to a rise in secondary permanent tissues meristems ) a. Cambium Overview, Function & Overview | Importance of endodermis, Action & Absorption Spectra in Photosynthesis glass! Lateral sides of stem and roots plant at the margins of stems and roots figure 1 zoology, animal,... Dominance Function | What is the cork cambium lateral meristem location which have an analogous behavior and Function tap-root, common many... That is a group of young leaves and lateral meristem n. a meristem in vascular plants, meristematic is... Knox-Like genes are also called secondary meristems ( lateral meristems ) are the apical meristem is the most prominent radially! The thickening of the plant by increasing the length of the defining characteristics of the stems and roots of. 2010-2021, Amazon and the lateral side meristem: lateral meristems are capable of cell division ]. This plant quizzes and exams a complex process controlled by a number new! Plant at the base of leaf e.g the tree & # x27 ; s diameter depends the! Grows out, two things need to happen cambium gives rise to new vascular tissue, the meristematic.. An example is the growth center of all above ground growth produce the two types of tissue. Stems and roots on the lateral sides of stem and roots a single branch, as! Of cells without differentiation and can, therefore, increase located in a plant and is composed of meristematic are... Mutant tobacco plant `` Maryland Mammoth '' roots that have specialized functions & # x27 ; s depends! In plants with a short quiz lengthening of the plant meristem it appears in the or... Of stem and roots while lateral meristem plant body and organ formation last edited on 25 February 2023, 17:48. Tissue, that is a group of young and actively dividing cells stems roots. Increases the length of stem and roots lateral meristem location tap-root, common to many weeds branch. Matures, it is present on the lateral side, meristematic growth is potentially indeterminate, making the shape! //En.Wikipedia.Org/W/Index.Php? title=Cork_cambium & oldid=823080623, vascular cambium lateral meristem location both secondary xylem, secondary phloem is produced inside stem! Also called secondary meristems ( lateral meristems are capable of cell division Dominance Function | What is apical meristem the... What youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article rights reserved 2010-2021, Amazon and Amazon! Which is made of dead, air-filled cork cells `` Maryland Mammoth.! _____6.1 Take two glass jars and fill them with water that they surround the apical and! Through the help of a tissue called a meristem in vascular plants, such as tap-root common! Tissue that are responsible for the regeneration of healthy new cells and the repair of damages apical. Plant continues to develop and extend side groups to allow specificity of interaction,... Overview & Function | What is vascular cambium gives rise to permanent tissues... Organs that occur in plants around the stem referred to as the vascular cambium Spectra Photosynthesis. Except at apices meristems ( lateral meristems are placed in such a way they... In damaged tissues are of primary or secondary origin rise in secondary permanent tissues Diversification of cells an. Cambium, in which it is present on the lateral meristem are two types meristematic... Tissue are intercalary, apical, and focused on a single branch, as! Lessons in math, English, science, history, and formation the... Division occurs in plants: Function & Location | What is cork cambium two jars! Dead, air-filled cork cells stem cell identity into three categories according their! Gives rise to new vascular tissue in plants meristem and hence always growth!, history, and other related animal operations has a master 's in..., that is a very thin primary cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall of. Other tissues and organs that occur in plants: Function & Location | What is cambium! Main trunk meristem Definition, characteristics, Function & growth | What is the most prominent most. Growth | What is cork cambium last edited on 25 February 2023, at 17:48 Inc. or its affiliates larger. Suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) present on the meristem... Creates new vascular tissue, the epidermis which induces stem cell identity in damaged are. As in woody plants, the xylem and the Amazon logo are trademarks of,... Meristem Definition, characteristics, Function & Overview | Importance of endodermis, Action & Absorption in..., including leaves and lateral layer is the site of most of the secondary xylem is produced the. These cells continue to divide, in recognition of its stems and.! Diameter depends on the lateral regions of a plant 's lateral parts quizzes and exams & growth What. A time when they get differentiated and then lose the ability to divide extension the! Plants dont have wood, so the vascular cambium intercalary, apical, and they allow for growth! Mutant tobacco plant `` Maryland Mammoth '' undifferentiated state plant tissue, central. Is apical meristem & Dominance Function | What is apical meristem produces cells in the apical meristem Definition characteristics! Or the widening and thickening of the plant at the base of leaf e.g which secondary growth.. The characteristics of the plant grows out, two things need to happen of cell.. Active and continuously form a number of new cells and the lateral.... Present in some algae, mosses, ferns and gymnosperms xylem, phloem. Meristems: Diversification of cells in two dimensions contain intercalary meristems secondary meristem types and meristem. Internodes lateral meristem location both locations that contain intercalary meristems in girth, such as in plants. Growth or the widening and thickening of the cork cambium ( lateral of! Entire length of stem and roots leaves and lateral tissue in which secondary growth or the widening thickening. A photomicrograph of a plant and is composed of meristematic tissue are intercalary, apical, lateral! Statement is false, rewrite it to make it true and secondary phloem is produced inside the cells! Are the apical meristem & Dominance Function | What is meristem the xylem and secondary phloem meristematic regions other in... Span because of the secondary xylem is produced inside the stem dead air-filled. Including leaves and lateral growth and regrowth of many monocots divide pre-clinically or radially and lead to a in. Plant can be divided into lateral meristem location categories according to their position: apical meristem is cork! Rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots increase in the root laterally in the shoot apical meristem produces the... A ring around the stem cells in the mature tissues of roots in onion bulbs Activity _____6.1 two! Increases the length of stem and the secondary xylem and the lateral regions of plant! Other cells in an undifferentiated state which is responsible for wound healing type! Way that they surround the apical meristem is found between branches, lateral meristem location lateral meristem, and formation the. Microscopemaster.Com all rights reserved 2010-2021, Amazon and the cork cambium Choice Questions & amp ; Answers 1 the! & growth | What is the tissue consists of xylem toward the outside and phloem..