a claims office in Buffalo Creek.Pittston moved for summary judgment because Pittston Jacob Turkale holds a rainbow trout he caught Tuesday, Feb. 22, 2022, along Buffalo Creek in his hometown of Man, W.Va. Fifty years ago in West Virginia, the collapse of an coal-waste impoundment unleashed a torrent of black water into a narrow valley. Table of Contents. The Buffalo Creek Disaster was one of the costliest preventable tragedies in the history of . April 1, 1974 Pittston moved to dismiss absent plaintiffs, plaintiffs claiming psychic injury while they were physically away from Buffalo Creek during the flood. A memorial to the victims of the Buffalo Creek coal impoundment disaster is shown Feb. 22, 2022, in Kistler, W.Va. On Feb. 26, 1972, a makeshift impoundment dam collapsed, sending millions of. In 1971, Pittston was cited for over 5,000 safety violations at its mines nationally. Click for copy. Property damage is estimated to be upward of $50 million or more. Stern and Staker begin discussing settlement. The survivors were not allowed to address the meeting. settled a lawsuit over this breakdown. Governor Moore, however, acting to protect the Pittston Coal Company, tried, unsuccessfully, to suppress his own commissions report. The moving wall of wastewater did its damage in seconds, in repeated fashion, as it moved down the hollow. No evidence of an act of God was found by the Commission. Gertie Moore was a bus driver when the flood happened and over a half-century later, she still grows emotional when hearing the names of the deceased and recalling the events of that fateful day. Congressman Ken Hechler (D-WV)), who also came to the area on Sunday, February 27th, told reporters that the U.S. Bureau of Mines and state agencies had failed to demonstrate sufficient concern for the protection of the safety of the people who work in the mines and live in the mining communities. Hechler also pointed to what he believed was a contributing cause of the flooding: As I looked through Buffalo Creek valley yesterday, it struck me again that the entire valley is honeycombed with strip mines and the waste from deep mines so that the soil can no longer hold the [rain] water. Hechler also slammed the coal industrys power in the area, saying, the people are prisoners of the coal industry And with some irony, he added, the only building left intact in one Buffalo community was the company store., On Monday, February 28th, U.S. The flood caused many tears, pain and death. hearings, 91 witnesses, and 2,000 pages of transcript that Pittston has shown Set during the Polish-Soviet War of 19191920, Babels novel captured the indiscriminate violence and injustice of warfare. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A wave from the waste dam flooded and destroyed the Buffalo Creek community [2]. 3) was built over Dam No. Army personnel, the Red Cross, state and county officials were all on the scene by then as well, trying to feed, clothe and comfort survivors. In the year 2000, increased attention was focused on the regulation of coal waste impoundments following a failure near Inez, Kentucky. Sources: The Herald Dispatch, newspaper of Huntington, WV, Thomas Marsh, and the West Virginia Division of Culture and History. And that same year, 1967, the U.S. Department of the Interior had warned state officials that the Buffalo Creek dams and 29 others throughout West Virginia were unstable and dangerous.[I]f you dont do some-thing, were all going to be washed away. Aerial photograph from 'The Herald Dispatch' (Huntington, WV) captures some of the enormous damage in the Buffalo Creek valley, showing collection of homes uprooted and floated down the valley, covering roads and rail lines. Through the 1940s coal mining and coal washing including dumping coal refuse and coal wash water occurred in the area of the Middle Fork, one of three headwater streams that formed Buffalo Creek. After last year, Pierson, who now lives in Scott Depot, made the drive home to Logan County once again to reminisce with other survivors. Why Theyve Got West Virginians Worried, YesMagazine.org, April 23, 2015. I told you this was going to happen, he said, I told you. He had voted for Randolph, but was frustrated with the political process and how the locals were regarded by most politicians. Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. Eventually, she and her husband, Arthur, rebuilt on the same spot as the old house. Out of the total settlement, Arnold and Porter took a legal fee of $3 million. In addition to the two West Virginia reports, there were also several others, including the U.S. Senate subcommittee hearing record already mentioned; a U.S. Geological Survey report; a U.S. Department of the Interior Report; and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers report all of which, in one form or another, found fault with the design, integrity, and lack of oversight of the dams, and how regulators and the Pittston Coal Company failed to meet their responsibilities for public health and safety. with little windows and doors and a small latch on By 2003, Pittston had moved into one of its more profitable businesses, private security, then adopting its Brinks Company subsidiary as its new corporate name. The Buffalo Creek Flood Disaster occurred on the cold rainy Saturday morning of February 26, 1972, when a coal slurry dam failed. 3 on the Middle Fork was born out of the age-old practice in the coal fields of disposing of waste material and was constructed without utilizing technology developed for earthen dams and without using or consulting with professional persons qualified to design and build such a structure. At the time of Pittstons acquisition of Buffalo Mining, Dam No. Among those pressing for action in Washington was consumer advocate Ralph Nader, well known by then for taking on politicians and corporations. Justice v. Pittston class action by now-Judge Phillip Gaujot on behalf of 348 children and made decisions on future trial structure. In 1977, Gov. U. S. Department of Interior, Task Force to Study Coal Waste Hazards, Preliminary Analysis of the Coal Refuse Dam Failure at Saunders, West Virginia February 26, 1972, Washington, D.C., March 12, 1972. and damage claims. examining the plaintiffs. State of West Virginia sued Pittston in both state and federal court for the states According to some, however, there were positive changes that did come to coalfield and regulatory practices in the years immediately following the disaster. Harry Caudill's "Theirs Be The Power". 16, No. Homes were left in splinters Railroad tracks yanked up and twisted. 1969Congress enacted the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act. Gazette-Mail/L. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; The state had initially sued for $100 million, half of which was slated to cover cleanup and restoration expenses. The Buffalo Creek Disaster: How the Survivors of One of the Worst Disasters in Coal-Mining History Brought Suit Against the Coal Company- And Won. The Springfield Republican newspaper of of Springfield, Massachusetts ran a wire story from United Press International (UPI) on the front page with the headline: 80 to 90 Feared Dead in W. Va. Dam Break; Mining Town Wiped Out. That story shared the front page with other national and regional news that day, picturing U.S. Betty Dotson-Lewis / Brian Sewell, The Day Baby Brucie Died: An Oral History of the Buffalo Creek Flood, The Appalachian Voice, February 27, 2012. Everything in Its Path:Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood (1976), a non-fiction book by American author Kai T. Erikson, won the 1978 National Book Award for documenting the aftermath of the Buffalo Creek flood disaster in Logan County, West Virginia which killed 125 people and left 4,000 people homeless out of a 5,000-person local population. March 5, 1972. July 1971Pittstons vice-president of industrial engineering and training 2 had ever been formally approved by the state. WV. Wallace Adkins of Robinette, tried to escape the on-rushing wall of water by loading up his family car. Mine Safety and Health Administration) to the Buffalo Creek area a few days after the disaster. Many cases can take months if not years to reach trial and settlement. October 8, 1971Pittston promisedWVDNRto install an emergency Arch Moore agreed to a $1,000,000 settlement just days. On the morning of February 26, 1972, the failure of three coal slurry dams let loose a tidal wave of destruction upon the Buffalo Creek hollow in Logan county, West Virginia. LOGAN COUNTY, W.Va. (WSAZ) - It is a day to remember for Logan County. In fact, the company was cited for over 5,000 safety violations at its mines nationally in 1971. process loss claims without admitting any responsibility. The site is secure. A separate settlement for survivors amounted to about $13,000 per plaintiff. The water is tranquil in the pools where the trout like to hide. Survivor Tim Hall, a Lundale native who now lives at Mud Fork near Logan, said the flood was worse than any other disaster because of the destruction it caused. The next day, February 26th, at 1:30 a.m. the water was twelve inches from the dams crest and oozing through the dams surface. In 1977, Governor Moore, with three days left in office, accepted a settlement offer of $1 million for a suit in which the state sought $100 million from the coal company. markets. March 28Pittston press release stating that it had opened offices to Tim Hall, left, tells his story during a memorial service at the Buffalo Creek Memorial Library on Friday, Feb. 24. Dennis Deitz & Carlene Mowery, Buffalo Creek Valley of Death, 1992. Home; At approximately 8 a.m. on Feb. 26, 1972, a man-made coal slurry impoundment dam, which was operated by the Pittston Coal Company, burst following a prolonged period of heavy rainfall. J.L. As of December 2014, some 331 of these facilities were rated as either holding a high or significant safety hazard meaning likely loss of life in the former case, and significant economic/environmental damage in the latter case. Still, the worries for citizens living near either kind of impoundment are equally valid, whether of the mine-site or powerplant variety. Thanks for visiting and if you like what you find here, please make a donation to help support the research and writing at this website. The New York Times ran an Associated Press wire story on the front page of its Sunday, February 27th, 1972 edition, above the fold, bearing the headline, 37 Killed as Flood Sweeps A Valley in West Virginia. The opening sentence of that story read: A huge, coal-slag heap serving as a dam burst under the pressure of three days of torrential rains early this morning, sending a wall of water through a narrow valley dotted with small impoverished mining towns. The Times own reporter, George Vecsey, based in Kentucky, managed to reach Man, West Virginia on February 27th, filing his story (above) which appeared in the next days edition. The toxic coal slurry poured into Kentuckys Coldwater and Wolf creeks, then to the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy River, traveling more than 70 miles downstream, and eventually reaching the Ohio River, with blackwater visible at Cincinnati. the court. One retired coal miner who survived the flood, but who lost his wife, daughter and granddaughter in the disaster, explained what he experienced in one Charleston Gazette account: How I got out of that water, I dont know I rode the house a long ways. . In the U.S. Congress at the time, federal legislation was being considered to regulate strip mining, and the Buffalo Creek disaster figured into the debate. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. Pittston settled all property damage claims. Ralph Nader letter to Congressional committees raises dangers of coal dams. June 26, 1974The plaintiffs and Pittston settle for $13.5 million. list is late. Feb 27, 1972. Such bold determination on the part of everyday citizens demonstrates the leadership that Erikson found lacking in Appalachia. The problem of coal waste impoundments in Appalachia and all across America has not gone away since the 1972 Buffalo Creek disaster. Roland Staten, a coal miner who had managed to jump off of his house as it was being carried away by the rushing waters, held on to his son as he jumped. National Guard helicopters picked up survivors and delivered supplies. At a protest meeting held in the Buffalo Grade School in Accoville a month after the flood, an older woman stood up and shouted out: Ive lived up at the top of the hollow for a long time. Film Clip, The Buffalo Creek Flood: An Act Of Man, YouTube.com (8:22), February 20, 2012. from [any] overflow from the lake.. The Charleston Gazette of February 1972 reporting on the early flood death total, with front-page photo of damaged homes thrown about on the valley floor. Then I fell off in the water. Survey geologist inspects the Buffalo Creek dam and concludes that it was basically Or something else altogether? The association bought habitat structures to further help form the pools that trout prefer. Tempers flared there as one local man tore into Randolph. #3 in his inspection report. April 16, 1973Plaintiffs moved to amend their complaint to add additional The water was there, and then it was gone., As the wave moved down the mountain valley it wiped out much of what stood in its path. During the meeting, the Logan County West Virginia Man, 1997. regulations forbid the closing off of any stream or the impoundment of water The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. In 1854, he married Margaretha Weidner (1832-1910). Long after the Feb. 26, 1972, disaster, the poisoned creek had no life. [I]n true Appalachian fashion, few people are ready to accept the responsibility of leadership is another. MAN - Monday marked the 46th anniversary of the Buffalo Creek Flood. buffalo creek disaster 1 - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. 1948US Department of Interior published an information circular, Burning Buy Now. It took just over 15 minutes. The result of the dam bursting was 132 million gallons of black wastewater being unleashed onto the 16 communities that encompass Buffalo Creek. BUFFALO CREEK, W.Va Sunday marked the 45th anniversary of the deadly Buffalo Creek disaster in Logan . 93-118, Stanford Law Review, Vol. Pierson said the flood had a rather unique impact on him it caused him to conquer his fear of water. amzn_assoc_asins = "0821415565,1467135496,0345543254,0618872248"; The Corps repeatedly billed the state $ 3.7 million for this work, but Moore kept the invoices confidential and didn't pay them. The tautly-worded 31-page report offered detailed findings and evidence of corporate negligence and government failures in the disaster, and proposed 21 recommendations. for authority to build a $350 million oil refinery and tanker terminal. Titchener, F.T. McClintock was a field worker for the Black Lung Association, an organization focused on the debilitating disease common to miners. two telephone books worth of victim statements. Three days later, on February 25, with heavy rain, the water behind dam No. William E. Davies, James F. Bailey, and Donovan B. Kelly, West Virginias Buffalo Creek Flood: A Study of the Hydrology and Engineering Geology, U.S. Geological Survey, Geological Survey Circular 667, Washington, DC: 1972. For additional stories at this website on the history of coal and coal mining, see for example, the following: Paradise: 1971 (about a John Prine song, strip mining in Muhlenberg County, KY, and the demise of a small town); Mountain Warrior (profile of Kentucky author and coal-field activist, Harry Caudill, noted for his famous book, Night Comes to The Cumberlands and his life-long critique of Appalachian strip mining); Giant Shovel on I-70 (about strip mining in southeastern Ohio during the 1960s and `70s and the use of giant strip-mining shovels there); Coal & The Kennedys, (featuring Kennedy family involvement with Appalachian coal communities, deep mine safety, environmental protection, and related political issues, 1960s-2010s); Sixteen Tons, 1950s (the famous Tennessee Ernie Ford song and some coal mining history, 1940s-1960s); and, G.E.s Hot Coal Ad, 2005 (a General Electric TV ad that features a new breed of coal miner). 3 above its impounded sediment. amzn_assoc_tracking_id = "thpohidill-20"; The Buffalo Creek Disaster, February 26, 1972 One of worst floods in US occurred here 26 February 1972, when Buffalo Mining Co. impoundment dam for mine waste broke, releasing over 130 million gallons of black waste water: killed 125; property losses over $50 million; and thousands left homeless. As the wave moved down the mountain valley it wiped out much of what stood in its path. Some residents in the area, especially those who lived in the town of Saunders, located in the valley directly below the dams, had worried for years about the dams strength. The people he encountered, Breiding said, were thankful that somebody still remembered, because its something that has been buried in many peoples memories and buried in the past. As William Faulkner wrote in Requiem for a Nun: The past is never dead. The Citizens Commission found Pittston Coal reckless and negligent and the state negligent in ensuring safety compliance. Those who survived saw corpses everywhere. Alvid Davis was working outside his home in the community of Stowe when he looked up and saw the flood waters coming, according to an Associated Press report of February 28, 1972. In reaction to the flood, Hechler said: The people are prisoners of the coal industry., Hechlers quote is included in the media theorist Rita Colistras article in the Journal of Appalachian Studies, which also includes a quote from Ralph Nader. I didnt have no fear for water, Id just jump right in any lake or river and swim. plaintiffs. Residents were just awakening that Saturday morning; some entire families were still in bed. The people of Appalachia seem to be forever poised at some vague mid-point between ability and disability, is one such Erikson statement. Russell Mokhiber, Buffalo Creek, Chapter 5, Corporate Crime & Violence: Big Business Power and the Abuse of the Public Trust, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1998. Jules Loh, Associated Press, A Lie About God From Paradise to Hell: The Morning When False Alarms Turned to Reality, The Sunday Messenger (Athens, OH), front page, March 5, 1972. This resolution was passed in spirit only. The Charleston Gazette reporting on the rising death toll of the Buffalo Creek Disaster and Pittstons PR office calling the disaster an act of God. Pittstons 39, No. In addition to its coal debris, the slurry wave picked up an abrasive and destructive mixture of semi-rotten trees, rocks, and sediment as it went, gouging out the land and becoming a more lethal force capable of battering and sweeping away all in its path. March 11, 1967Pittstons Dola, W.Va., dam failed and a massive flood Because of the downpour, nearly 50 acre-feet of fresh water filled the pool of Dam No. When forced to give up these long-standing ties with familiar places and people, the . Pittston, meanwhile, would inform its investors that the 1974 settlement that had come with one of the survivors' lawsuits did not impact the company's profit margin. Pittston had made only one payment for $4,000. In addition, coal wastes have also been dumped into abandoned deep mines and used to reclaim strip mines. However, he did question the ability of the overflow pipes in Dam No. In 2002, Alpha Natural Resources purchased what remained of Pttstons coal business. There had been emergency relief, but little community redevelopment. George Vecsey, West Virginia Flood Toll At 60 With Hundreds Lost, New York Times, February 28, 1972. Three coal waste dams in West Virginia failed, killing 125 people and injuring 1,100 more in communities downstream of the dams. discovery confidential. make a donation to help support the research and writing at this website, Online Exhibit /Special Collections, Marshall University. M. S. TERN, T . 2 (Spring 1973), pp. After the Dam Broke, Cries for Control, Business Week, March 11, 1972. The first coal mining in the Buffalo Creek watershed dated to the 1910s when a few coal camps small mining towns sprang up following the first rail lines into the area to exploit the coal there. Pierson said the school he was attending, Lorado Grade School, was destroyed in the flood, and its principal, who he identified as Mr. Ramey, was killed. 302-305. survivor syndrome, what is known today as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Although the Governors Commission had referred the case to the Logan County, West Virginia prosecutor for possible legal action against Pittston Coal Company and its subsidiary, nothing came of it. For additional stories at this website on the history of coal and coal mining, see for example, the following: Thanks for visiting and if you like what you find here, please. In 2012, a section of embankment being worked on collapsed at a coal slurry pond in northern West Virginia. But this dam dam No. about her fears that the dam would collapse. You will then receive an email that helps you regain access. (1976). 1970Pittstons London insurance underwriters inquired about all of its The commission consisted of nine men with ties to the coal industryor a vested interest in proving that Pittston Coal and state regulating agencies were not responsible. An email that helps you regain access a section of embankment being worked collapsed! The Herald Dispatch, newspaper of Huntington, WV, Thomas Marsh, and the West Virginia Flood Toll 60! In 2012, a section of embankment being worked on collapsed at coal!, acting to protect the Pittston coal Company, tried, unsuccessfully, to suppress his own commissions.. Was cited for over 5,000 buffalo creek disaster settlement violations at its mines nationally spot as wave! An information circular, Burning Buy Now Theirs be the Power '' moving wall of water structures further. Was frustrated with the political process and how the locals were regarded by politicians... County, W.Va. ( WSAZ ) - it is a day to remember for Logan,... 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