For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. He took complete control of Naples by 1504. At the top were kings, who owned the land. Clearly there were some key conflicting interests that needed to be addressed. England was also dragged into several unsuccessful naval campaigns against Spain and France during the course of the Thirty Years' War. In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. The destruction was so great that the Spanish invasion was delayed for a year. At home, Ferdinand concentrated on gaining control of territory around France so that France would not invade Spain. Rise of Germany . In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. A: Greek . Attempts were made to colonize Virginia, the territory in North America named in Elizabeth's honor (she was called the "Virgin Queen"). In Although aware of They The map shows Italy in the early 19th century. The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. Frederick was expecting James to help him stay on the throne, but James had tried to remain outside the conflict. Half of the Armada was lost and so was Philip's dream of making England into a Catholic province. answer choices. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. He also formed marriage alliances for his children with the royal families of England and the house of Habsburg (a royal family in Austria). In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. and the southwestern United States. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. 1861. These requests raised a question about rights to sea routes. Cranmer was also eager to introduce changes, and young Edward, having been tutored by Protestants, was enthusiastic about reform as well. Markets have moved higher after Rishi Sunak agreed a deal with the European Union to settle post-Brexit trading arrangements in Northern Ireland. Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. The Kingdom of Italy was created in. A second statute, passed in 1540, legalized these closures and mandated the seizing of all remaining property. During the reign of Charles I, England was embroiled in a civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the monarchy. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. timer. The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. The Capetians gradually extended their control over the duchies of During the invasion Charles's troops had sacked Rome and stormed Clement's residence. Royal Family of Liechtenstein. Landing in Peru in 1532 with a small Spanish army, Pizarro first befriended then captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa. Archaeologists discover 300 burials in ancient Merovingian necropolis. In yet another change of mind, many noblemen began demanding that Charles's brother Ferdinand be named king. For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. At the end of the tenth century, Hugh Capet (c. 938996; ruled 98796) founded the line of French kings that ruled the country for the next eight hundred years. Increasingly, a nation's power and prestige had become dependent upon money and material wealth, and the best way to become a world power was to build a trade empire. Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. By that time Germanic tribes, called the Visigoths, had carved up Spain In August 1520 he met with Henry VIII in Calais, France, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, hoping to win Henry's support in the war against Spain. Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. John IV ushered in Portugal's silver age, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the wealth of Brazil once more made Lisbon one of the most brilliant European capitals. Now he accepted a number of Lutheran doctrines, such as rejection of the pope as God's sole representative on Earth. They had the support and advice of Isabella's priest, Francisco Jimnez de Cisneros (14361517), and Gonzalo Fernndez de Crdoba (14531515), the foremost military leader of his day. A terrified Pope Clementone of Francis's allieslocked himself in a tower, but he was soon placed under arrest by the Spanish. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. Mary then had Elizabeth arrested and sent to the Tower of London (a prison for members of royalty and the nobility), and later to Woodstock. the emperor's wishes. The monarchs reorganized the Santa Hermandad into a national militia (citizens army) that was funded by towns. Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." coast of North America. While they were less numerous in Catalonia, Castile, Estremadura, and Andalusia, Moriscos comprised about one-fifth of the population (50,000 people) in Aragon and one-third of the population (100,000 people) of Valencia. Charles's victory started a rivalry among the three young kings that was to last for the rest of their lives. The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). This reform movement resulted in the revolution known as the Protestant Reformation, which eventually spread throughout Europe. But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. ." Before leaving Spain in 1520, he appointed Adrian Florensz as regent of Spain. and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. For the time being, the English were content to settle along the eastern As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. She was even able to convince the reluctant dauphin (pronounced DOH-fehn; the son of the French king, in this case the future Charles VII) to defy the English and take the throne of France. In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. But there's a lot more work than simply choosing the best nation - and . . Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. In the years after that, they were even better. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. Philip immediately began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England. Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. Most chose to renounce their vows. Two years later, Philip issued a royal proclamation condemning William of Orange as an outlaw and the main source of unrest in the Netherlands. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. For more than a decade Henry and Catherine were happy together. (According to the so-called Salic Law, a male could be the only legitimate heir to the throne.) 3. At the time of his death, the French crown was six million livres in debt. The Jews therefore welcomed the invading Moors in 711. Henry was not pleased with Cromwell's involvement in this episode and other court matters, so he had Cromwell executed later in the year. Early in 1518 the eighteen-year-old Charles took the throne of Spain. One thing is for sure - Rise of Kingdoms monetization strategy plays a huge role in all of this. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). Each house used the image of a rose to represent itselfa red rose for Lancaster and a white rose for York. Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). The following night the Spanish fleet commander, Alonso Prez de Guzmn, duke of Medina-Sidonia, made a serious mistake. Charles liberated thousands of Christian prisoners and soon thereafter captured the port of Tunis. Although Elizabeth had encountered numerous problems during her long reign, she showed an uncanny ability to retain the love of her people. The problem with being a latecomer to world exploration and conquest was that most of the good lands were already occupied and defended by superior Spanish and Portuguese navies. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). Monarchies used to rule the world. . Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. Arresting two rebel leaders, Lamoral, count of Egmont (15221568), and Philip de Montmorency, count of Hoorn (c. 15181568), Alba established the Council of Troubles. Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. James's court was a less happy place than Elizabeth's, however, because he suffered from financial difficulties and his favorite aides were unpopular with political leaders. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. They were at once the lay face of the church, the spiritual heart of civic government, and the social kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates. After the French invasion of Italy in 1494, Ferdinand was able to intervene in the affairs of Naples and Milan. The end of the Mongol empire may have been the most significant factor that drove Europeans to the seas, but it was by no means the only one. The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. Monarchs (kings and queen with supreme rule) in France, England, and Spain responded to the chaotic situation in Europe by consolidating their power. This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio ( 15081580 ) as leaders of states vied for than... 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