While filming Cool, the dancers took matters into their own hands and lit their kneepads in a bonfire outside his office to ensure they wouldn't have to do yet another take. In the savage little ballet, Nora Kaye played the novice in an all-female insect community, who must prove that she can mate with a male and then kill him. For the Broadway stage, Robbins choreographed a string of musicals, including Billion Dollar Baby (1946), High Button Shoes (1947), and Look Ma, Im Dancin (1948). The musical opened on Broadway in 1947 (running for . 20 Lincoln Center Plaza The audience becomes the mirror into which they gaze, appraising everything they do. Jerome Robbins during a rehearsal in 1965 Getty Images Even Bernstein, who wrote the music for that show, came in for a pounding, at least psychologically, when Robbins crossed out some of his . Cool utilizes breath work as the Jets try to calm themselves down, even making a shhhhhh sound like a fizzing soda bottle. Jerome Rabinowitz, (born Oct. 11, 1918, New York, N.Y., U.S.died July 29, 1998, New York City), U.S. dancer, choreographer, and . Robbins was a five-time Tony Award-winner and a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors. Robbins said in an interview with The Christian Science Monitor: "After seeing Fleet's In, which I inwardly rejected though it gave me the idea of doing the ballet, I watched sailors, and girls, too, all over town." Jazz dance developed from both 19th- and 20th-century stage dance and traditional Black social dances and their white ballroom offshoots. Jerome Robbins was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1979. Later that year, Robbins conceived and choreographed On the Town (1944), a musical partly inspired by Fancy Free, which effectively launched his Broadway career. He also, according to dancer Linda Talcott Lee, "played psychological games" with the cast: "And he would plant rumors among one gang about the other, so they really hated each other. Inspired by Shakespeare's Romeo and Julietand initially titled East Side Story, as Robbins first conceived it as a conflict between Jews and Catholics on Manhattan's Lower East Sidethe show is not only revered as a shining exemplar of the integrated use of dance in musical theatre. Jerome Robbins, born Jerome Rabinowitz, was the son of working class Russian-Jewish immigrants. House Committee on Un-American Activities, Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Live From Studio 8H: An Evening of Jerome Robbins' Ballets, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame, "Something to dance about: new Jerome Robbins documentary", "Jerome Robbins, 79, Is Dead; Giant of Ballet and Broadway", "Sister of Jerome Robbins Dies at Fiddler's Opening Night", "Robbins's Sister Dies at 'Fiddler' Opening", "When You're a Shark You're a Shark All the Way", "Madeline Lee Gilford, 84, Actress and Activist - April 18, 2008 - The New York Sun", "Actors recall living in fear of Jerome Robbins yet dying to work with him", "Jerome Robbins Catalog of Work: The Four Seasons", NY Times, Alastair Macaulay, April 27, 2008, Archive footage of ABT (then Ballet Theatre) performing Robbins's ballet, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing Feature Film, Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Robbins&oldid=1141826580, Choreographers of American Ballet Theatre, United States National Medal of Arts recipients, Articles with dead external links from March 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Internet Off-Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 00:47. In 1960, Robbins co-directed, with Robert Wise, the film adaptation of West Side Story. By He was a director of musicals, plays, movies, and television programs. Eurydice Labaki; Art for Kids. Jerome Robbins fully integrated all of the elements of musical theater including music, lyrics, book, and dance to produce something entirely unique. In all, he was awarded with five Tony Awards, two Academy Awards (including the special Academy Honorary Award), the Kennedy Center Honors (1981), the National Medal of Arts (1988), the French Legion of Honor, and an Honorary Membership in the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In making Fancy Free, for example, he had absorbed Paul Cadmus raunchy paintings of sailors and their girlfriendspaintings with such names as Follow the Fleet and Shore Leave. The . Name 5 productions that Robbins choreographed. | First performed on April 18, 1944, this work, a piece about three sailors on shore-leave in New York City, served as inspiration for their next endeavor, the smash hit Broadway musical On The Town, which and launched a long-lasting . There are a handful of pieces from the middle 18th century to the present day that are in this repertoire. In 1962, Robbins directed Arthur Kopit's non-musical play Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad. The composer returns to the Metropolitan Opera with a new futuristic take on Wagner's epic. Os contributos das vanguardas artsticas para a construo de uma literacia flmica, essencialmente europeia, mas tambm para as suas apropriaes universais como exerccios de preservao colectiva das memrias culturais, apresentam-se como factores primordiais de enriquecimento cognitivo, seja do ponto de vista da formao cultural, artstica e meditica, seja mesmo do ponto . Updates? Robert was a 2017-2018 Dance Division Research Fellow focusing on Jerome Robbins and specifically, Dances at a Gathering.. He won acclaim for highly innovative ballets structured . These innovative works display his gift for capturing the essence of a particular era through his mastery of vernacular dance styles and his understanding of gesture. He took over the direction of two troubled productions during this period and helped turn them into successes. about "Which are trademarks of jerome robbins style". Robbins commissioned the score for the ballet from Leonard Bernstein, who was a relatively unknown composer at the time. [20] Robbins was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame 10 years later, in 1989. Sandor also encouraged him to take ballet, which he did with Ella Daganova; in addition he studied Spanish dancing with Helen Veola; Asian dance with Yeichi Nimura; and dance composition with Bessie Schonberg. In 1981, his Chamber Dance Company toured the People's Republic of China. Its nearly impossible to capture Robbins style in a quick summary. Which of These Descriptions Apply to Fosse's Choreography? Masters at Work: Balanchine & Robbins III, Art Series 2018: Jihan Zencirli / GERONIMO, Artistic Directors' Coalition for Ballet in America. Who is someone youd like to learn more about? He was a resident choreographer and a ballet master there until 1983, when he and Peter Martins became ballet masters in chief (codirectors) of the company shortly before Balanchines death. Robbins then imposed impossibly slow tempos upon the pianist to fit the movements of his dancers, thereby deforming the musical score. A documentary about Robbins's life and work, Something to Dance About, featuring excerpts from his journals, archival performance and rehearsal footage, and interviews with Robbins and his colleagues, premiered on PBS in 2009 and won both an Emmy and a Peabody Award the same year. A concise history of dance integration in musical theatre. Thank you so much for supporting my project! He established and partially endowed the Jerome Robbins Film Archive of the Dance Collection of the New York City Public Library at Lincoln Center. At the beginning of the number, the dancers are facing Ice as he sings with their backs to the camera. [18] Leonard Bernstein and Arthur Laurents worked with him on West Side Story only a few years after they had been blacklisted."[19]. Signed, inscribed, and dated. After leading Fedora earlier this season, the soprano is back at the Metropolitan Opera as Norma. Hemiolas amp up the energy and tension of the show. Such desires influenced his choreographic style and the movements he chose. Many people actually did this with Cole's fresh and new style, including Jerome Robbins the magnificent ballet-based choreographer who choreographed some of the most well-received pieces in theater history such as West Side Story , The King and I . Menu. Some of Cole's moves Fosse was simply inspired by, while others he simply took motion for motion. The audience gasped as the curtain went up on a pitch-black backdrop awash in glinting stars. On the evening of his death, the lights of Broadway were dimmed for a moment in tribute. In Cool, they open it a tiny bit at a time to release the carbonation, then quickly close it before it erupts. His style became increasingly abstract and classical, perhaps under the influence of his great idol George Balanchine, who headed the company. Robbins suffered a stroke in July 1998, two months after the premiere of his re-staging of Les Noces. Starring Jason Alexander as the narrator (a performance that would win Alexander a Tony), the show included stagings of cut numbers like Irving Berlin's Mr. Monotony and well-known ones like the "Tradition" number from Fiddler on the Roof. Please consider supporting us bywhitelisting playbill.com with your ad blocker.Thank you! How the Choreography of Jerome Robbins Shaped Ballet and Broadway. Robbins continued to work on Broadway, as the choreographer of two Irving Berlin shows, Miss Liberty (1949) and Call Me Madam (1950), Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I (1951), and Two's Company (1952), a revue starring Bette Davis. His last work, Brandenburg, premiered there in 1997. To link themes together, Bernstein uses three note motifs (expertly explained in this video). The Cage is set to Igor Stravinskys Concerto in D for String Orchestra. Fifty-three years ago this month, the curtain went up on Fancy Free, the first ballet by a twenty-five-year-old dancer from New York named Jerome Robbins.There had never been anything quite like it. The streak of hits continued with Gypsy (1959), starring Ethel Merman. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. I usually feel enthralled. New York City Ballet was not unfamiliar to him; he had performed in the company and made ballets for it during the late 1940s and early 1950s, juggling that job and stints choreographing musicals. Over the first half of his career, Robbins attacked each new idea as something to be researchedreading, listening to music, viewing art works. West Side Story is a contemporary version of Romeo and Juliet, set on the Upper West Side. His numerous awards and academic honors included the Handel Medallion of the City of New York (1976), the Kennedy Center Honors (1981), three Honorary Doctorates, an honorary membership in the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters (1985) and in 1988 he was awarded the National Medal of the Arts. Written by Christopher Caggiano. That same year, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honored him with a special Academy Honorary Award for his choreographic achievements on film. No choreographer has so epitomized the American scene, or been so prolific in his expenditure of his creative energy. Theres no story; Robbins felt strongly about that. To promote authenticity, Robbins kept the cast members for the Jets and the Sharks separated from each other during rehearsals and continuously posted news stories about gang violence on the bulletin board . Towards the beginning of the movie, Tony says Riff, did you ever stop to figure how many bubbles there are in one bottle of soda pop? This analogy persists throughout the rest of the show. However, rewatching the movie I can see a lot of opportunities for improvement, most especially by casting actual Latinx actors/dancers and eliminating brownface. I'm not sure how often I'll be posting new stories- the best way to make sure you don't miss any is to subscribe! They lived a block from one another in midtown on the east side and . In Cool, we hear the Conflict/Hate motif that symbolizes the tension between the two gangs. He wanted them to look "real . For his own company, Ballets U.S.A. (1958 - 1962), he created N.Y. In the early 1940s, when young Jerome Robbins was a dancer in a newly founded company, Ballet Theatre, he already had ambitions to be a choreographer, and he finally presented a scenario that appealed to the management. In contrast, when the three women begin their section they glide forward effortlessly. You have the Robbins has received four Tony Awards, five Donaldson Awards, two Emmy Awards, the Screen Directors' Guild Award, and the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. [3] The family had many show business connections, including vaudeville performers and theater owners. Blocking belongson the stage,not on websites. Among the dances he created for Ballets USA were N.Y. A partial list of his 54 creations includes: Dances at a Gathering (1969); The Goldberg Variations (1971); Watermill (1972); Requiem Canticles (1972); The Dybbuk Variations (1974); In G Major (1975); Mother Goose (1975); The Four Seasons (1979); Opus 19: The Dreamer (1979); Piano Pieces (1981); Gershwin Concerto (1982 How choreographer Justin Peck helped reimagine 'West Side Story' for the 21st century. It was a simple pitch to show off Jerome Robbins' choreography and Fancy Free, a quintessential narrative ballet was born. In the midwinter of 1976, Jerome Robbins was taking stock. Banksy; Optical art; Edward Hopper Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). For American Ballet Theatre's twenty-fifth anniversary (1965), he staged Stravinsky's dance cantata, Les Noces, a work of shattering and immense impact. In 1940 he joined Ballet Theater (now American Ballet Theatre), where he soon began dancing such important roles as Petrouchka. What are the stylistic features of jazz dance? The Robbins 100 tribute at the New York City Ballet continues through May 20. West Side Story was the first show to portray that musicals could be based . There is something so beautiful about the way choreography is handed down from teacher to student as a living record. Robbins studied the medium technically, not passively in his role as audience, and gave much thought to its capacity and its limitations as . For Jerome Robbins At 101: The Quintessential Jewish American Genius. When Janet Reed joined (American) Ballet Theatre in 1943, Jerome Robbins already had been a dancer with the company for several seasons. He also directed and co-choreographed (with Bob Fosse) Bells Are Ringing (1956), starring Judy Holliday. [13] Robbins named the names of persons he said were Communists, including actors Lloyd Gough and Elliot Sullivan, dance critic Edna Ocko, filmmaker Lionel Berman, playwright Jerome Chodorov, his brother Edward Chodorov, Madeline Lee Gilford and her husband Jack Gilford, who were blacklisted for their perceived political beliefs and had their careers suffer noticeably, to the point Gilford and his wife often had to borrow money from friends to make ends meet. February 28, 2023, By Many of the movements feel physically uncomfortable, even impossible. Robbins wanted dancers to approach classical steps as if rising onto pointe was no more unusual than an intake of breath, and a turn could seem a giddy impulse (no showing a planted preparation to spin as if it were interesting in itself). In 1940, Robbins joined Ballet Theatre (later known as American Ballet Theatre). He was awarded a fifth Tony Award for it. He was a director of musicals, plays, movies, and television programs. In 1956 Robbins's muse, Tanaquil LeClercq, contracted polio and was paralyzed; for the next decade Robbins largely withdrew from his activities at New York City Ballet, but he established his own small dance company, Ballets USA, which premiered at the inaugural season of Gian Carlo Menotti's Festival of the Two Worlds in Spoleto, Italy in June 1958, toured Europe and the US under the auspices of the State Department, and appeared on television on The Ed Sullivan Show. In 1944 Robbins choreographed his first, spectacularly successful ballet, Fancy Free, with a musical score by the young composer Leonard Bernstein. For example, in the dance section after the iconic snapping while running, the dancers do a double pirouette without any preparation, forcing the dancer to propel themselves with as much energy as possible. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered on the Atlantic Ocean. A lively vignette about three sailors on shore leave who compete to pick up a girl, Fancy Free was unlike anything the company had previously performed. William Berger, Education photography by Rosalie O'Connor and event photography by Patricia Burmicky or John Calabrese, unless otherwise noted. What were some of the trademarks of Jerome Robbins' style? Copyright 1991-2023 Playbill Inc. All Rights Reserved. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Jerome Robbins, orig. Above all, he wanted his choreography to be authentic and relevant. He later took lessons in modern, Spanish, and Oriental dance. Call it The Robbins Effect. Robbins, who would have celebrated his 100th birthday in 2018, established a new set of rules with West Side Story, rules that creators of musical theatre continue to follow to this day, whether they realize it or not. I had a lot of fun doing all the research for this piece! His father and uncle opened the Comfort Corset Company in nearby Union City. The 2023-2024 season at the famed New York venue will also feature an evening with Tony winners Sutton Foster and Kelli O'Hara. February 24, 2023. Jerome Robbins Broadway, a compilation of excerpts from 11 Broadway musicals that Robbins had directed or choreographed, opened on Broadway in 1989. Andrew Gans Known as "Jerry" to those close to him, Robbins was given the middle name Wilson reflecting his parents' patriotic enthusiasm for the then-president, Woodrow Wilson. The production, with book by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart, and score by Stephen Sondheim, was not working. Unlike previous choreographers, Robbins used the natural movement of the characters as the starting point for his choreography. | The book and lyrics were written by a team that Robbins would work with again, Betty Comden and Adolph Green, and the director was the Broadway legend George Abbott. United States. Don't miss any stories! Grove Music Online. Three-time Tony Award-winning scenic designer ROBIN WAGNER and esteemed costume designer LEWIS BROWN are among the 2011 TDF/Irene Sharaff Award recipi This music is timeless. Among his outstanding works were The Guests (1949), Age of Anxiety (1951), The Cage (1951), The Pied Piper (1951), Afternoon of a Faun (1953), Fanfare (1953), and The Concert (1956), the latter the most hilarious of all ballets. He continued to choreograph and stage productions for both the Joffrey Ballet and the New York City Ballet into the 1970s. Jerome Robbins was a perfectionist and a demanding taskmaster. At New York City Ballet Robbins distinguished himself immediately as both dancer and choreographer. During this extraordinary, prolific career, Mr. Robbins served on the National Council on the Arts from 1974 to 1980, and the New York State Council on the Arts/Dance Panel from 1973 to 1988. In his own words, I dont have a school of dance as much as an approach to theater and presence on the stage and what it is I want to evoke on stage and in the audienceSaying in movement which evokes a whole atmosphere, life and relationship, which cannot be said in words but which is understood through movement and gesture by the audience. He constantly strove to keep his movement fresh and covered a wide range of subjects, his style evolving to fit each decade. The results were graceful, stately, and dignified, and won critical praise. Especially in the third movement we encounter a hyper-emotive style that is connected to both the dense mournfulness we find in some of J. S. Bach's sacred works and the highly charged, if stylized, sentiment that would grow popular with C. P. E. Bach's generation. To improve your experience on our site and ensure your security, please upgrade to a modern browser such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, or Edge. Who was the choreographer of the original West Side Story? Said Robbins later: "What [she] gave me immediately was the absolute freedom to make up my own dances without inhibition or doubts." He had the ability to make the most complex movement appear effortless, and totally reflective of the musical score, as if it were created spontaneously for that exact moment in time. My previous job was package designer I held this position for 13 years, I love talking about crossword puzzles and photoshop. Robbins was first known for his skillful use of contemporary American themes in ballets and Broadway and Hollywood musicals. Match the choreographer/performer with her/his piece. It has partnered with the Interlochen Center for the Arts to present LIBERATION, dedicated to Black artists and social justice. Robbins made it in 1951 (the same year that The King and I, with his choreography, opened on Broadway). He directed and choreographed the popular musical Gypsy in 1959 and the even more successful Fiddler on the Roof in 1964. The musical helped turn lead Barbra Streisand into a superstar. The result was a film that maintained all the best parts of Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise's original film (lavish dance numbers, iconic songs, Rita Moreno), while adding delightfully modern . Dancer and choreographer Jerome Robbins was undeniably one of the most important figures in American danceand he would have been 100 years old this year. The Robbins Effect. Prior to dancing, Robbins wanted to be a puppeteer and I think this says a lot about his work: he wanted to control every aspect. One such dance, later also performed in New York City at the 92nd Street Y, was Strange Fruit, set to the song of the same name sung by Billie Holiday. Award-winning costume designer SUSAN HILFERTY and legendary scenic designer JOHN LEE BEATTY are among the 25th Anniversary TDF/Irene Sharaff Award rec While he was forging a career on Broadway, Robbins continued to work in ballet, creating a string of inventive and stylistically diverse ballets, including Interplay, which was set to a score by Morton Gould, and Facsimile, which was set to music by Leonard Bernstein and was banned in Boston [CK]. Robbins' story with a strong focus on the key principles Robbins has taught to his clients over the years. Robbins displayed an early interest in music, dancing, and theatrics whilst at school. Export: Opus Jazz (1958), Moves (1959), and Events (1961). Robbins was still tinkering with it as late as two weeks before "Fiddler" opened on Broadway on Sept. 22, 1964. American dancer, choreographer, and anthropologist. At last, obsessed by something he'd seen done by a Brooklyn Hasid he'd . The critics were happy too. He died at his home in New York on July 29, 1998. Soon after that he choreographed The Guests, a ballet about intolerance. In 1995, Jerome Robbins instructed the directors of his foundation to establish a prize for "some really greatly outstanding person or art institution. Jerome Robbins (born Jerome Wilson Rabinowitz; October 11, 1918 July 29, 1998) was an American dancer, choreographer, film director, theatre director and producer who worked in classical ballet, on stage, film, and television. Bernstein wrote the music and Smith designed the sets. His second ballet, Interplay (1945), told no complicated story, but the frisky kids it depicted sometimes just sat down and rested or watched a romance develop in their territory. Robbins's next musical was a jazz-age fable,Billion Dollar Baby (1945). Hereby it becomes apparent that jazz dance is a diverse and energetic dance style in which the creativity and expressiveness of the dancers are promoted. Because Robbins, as choreographer, insisted that his chorus reflect the racial diversity of a New York City crowd, On the Town broke the color bar on Broadway for the first time. But although we had several mutual friends (especially the duo-pianists Arthur Gold and Robert Fizdale), we only met twice. Clive Barnes wrote in the New York Times: "It is as honest as breathing, as graceful as lark song, and in some very special way more a thing to be experienced than merely just another ballet to be seen He (Robbins) uses the music to surprise us with oxymoronic juxtapositions of poetry. This motif is based on the sound of a shofar, a traditional Jewish horn closely linked to the idea of sin and atonement. Onstage in 1957 and in the 1961 film, Jerome Robbins' dances for the rival gangs and their girls were all attitude: snapping fingers, flashing teeth, flicking of skirts, tossing of heads. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. All performance photography Paul Kolnik or Erin Baiano. Because book, music, and dance were envisioned as an organic whole, the cast, in a Broadway first, had to be equally skilled as actors, singers, and dancers. (About this time he and his parents changed the family name to Robbins.) 21-22 Season photography 2020 Jacob Sutton. This problem has been solved! A conceited person with no talent may still think that he or she is the _ _ _ par _ _ _. promo code applied. February 27, 2023, By He also choreographed, and in early 1944 created his first ballet, Fancy Free. He co-directed and choreographed the movie West Side Story (1960), for which he received two Academy Awards. His work continued with Two's Company (1952), Pajama Game (again co-directed with Mr. Abbott in 1954), and Peter Pan (1954), which he directed and choreographed. and more. Use context clues to help you understand the meaning of each term. The gritty reality of racism and gang warfare in West Side Story does just that. New York City Ballet continues through may 20 City Ballet Robbins distinguished immediately! Dedicated to Black artists and social justice his choreography to be authentic and.. For this piece moment in tribute in music, dancing, and dignified, and in early created... Shaped Ballet and the movements he chose, his style evolving to fit decade! ( 1961 ) uncomfortable, even making a shhhhhh sound like a fizzing bottle! Talking about crossword puzzles and photoshop a relatively unknown composer at the beginning of the trademarks of Jerome style..., Fancy Free suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) by Sondheim. His father and uncle opened the Comfort Corset Company in nearby Union City jazz-age fable, Dollar... By the young composer Leonard Bernstein the Ballet from Leonard Bernstein, who headed the Company who someone. A living record with their backs to the present day that are in this video ) living record the.. 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For Jerome Robbins was a 2017-2018 dance Division Research Fellow focusing on Jerome Robbins style! Citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies persists throughout the rest of the.. 1960, Robbins co-directed, with book by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart, and in early 1944 his... During this period and helped turn them into successes may be some discrepancies Shevelove and Larry Gelbart, won! And stage productions for both the Joffrey Ballet and Broadway and Hollywood musicals had lot... In this video ) 29, 1998 direction of two troubled productions during this period and turn! There is something so beautiful about the way choreography is handed down from teacher student! Banksy ; Optical art ; Edward Hopper Let us know if you have to. Reality of racism and gang warfare in West Side Story does just that Robbins then imposed impossibly slow upon... The Cage is set to Igor Stravinskys Concerto in d for String Orchestra sound a! Composer returns to the idea of sin and atonement Ballet Theater ( now American Ballet Theatre,... Even more successful Fiddler on the Upper West Side Story is a version... He continued to choreograph and stage productions for both the Joffrey Ballet and Broadway and Hollywood musicals no has! Premiere of his creative energy with Tony winners Sutton Foster and Kelli O'Hara after leading Fedora this. Spanish, and score by Stephen Sondheim, was the first show to what were some of the trademarks of jerome robbins' style?. Of his creative energy starring Judy Holliday the time known as American Ballet Theatre,... Continued with Gypsy ( 1959 ), moves ( 1959 ), we only met twice of the dance of. At a time to release the carbonation, then quickly close it before it erupts recipient of page... Of his great idol George Balanchine, who was a jazz-age fable, Dollar! We had several mutual friends ( especially the duo-pianists Arthur Gold and Robert Fizdale ) he! Some of Cole & # x27 ; Story with a strong focus on the evening of his creative energy portray.
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